INTRODUCTION
The first and foremost reason to raise the capital is due to make sure all the regulatory and legal requirements are meet. This raise of fund is to structure a public issue to suite our organization needs.
DETAILS
Raising capital is nothing but obtaining capital from investor or venture capital sources.
When a business wants to expand or commercialize a new product or service there comes a time when the business needs to raise capital. The capital raising program aims to help clarify your growth plans and prepare you business to raise capital
We seek the following attributes in social business to raise capital
• Experienced and well balanced team with good track record
• Idea that meets the unmet market demand
• Targeting a market with strong growth potential
• Sustainable competitive advantage
• Ideally near to breaking even on net profit basis
• Desire to share ownership of the business with an investor that can bring more than just money
• Potential exit routes identifiable at the time of investment
We provide the following related services by raising capital
Political and security risk analysis
We can produce detailed analysis of the risk that any new project might face and suggest measures to mitigate those risks.
Business intelligence and investigation
Here we can establish what will be required to maintain strong relationship with key political and commercial players.
Security management
We can reduce the security threats that a new project might face and increase the chances of success.
Crisis management
Rules for raising capital
Getting money isn't difficult, but getting the right money at the right time on the right terms is what matters. Here's how to do it.
How much do you need
Rule 1 take more than you need
Rule 2 Figure out how much money you have to rise to achieve some specific time-measured milestones, such as: launching your product, expanding your sales force, or implementing new manufacturing methods.
When do you need it
Rule 1 Raise money before u need it
Rule 2 you always need it sooner than u think
From whom do you want it
Rule 1 Only take money from whom you respect
Rule 2 Make sure he will be good company in both situations. In addition, you need a partner who understands the industry sector your company serves.
Large corporation could not have grown to their present size without being able to find innovative ways to raise capital to finance expansion. Corporations have five primary methods for obtaining that money.
• Issuing bonds
• Issuing preferred stock
• Selling common stock
• Borrowing
• Using profits
CONCLUSION
When a business wants to expand or commercialize a new product or service there comes a time when the business needs to raise capital. The capital raising program aims to help clarify your growth plans and prepare you business to raise capital. Getting money isn’t difficult but getting the money at right time is what matters therefore raising fund is mainly to meets its requirement.
Saturday, September 26, 2009
Friday, September 25, 2009
Do you back up your money to buy a dream Orlando
Do you back up your money to buy a dream Orlando? Are you offering more money than its worth? Or are you feeling pressure by mortages to give your home with less than the current worth?
if you have answer ‘yes’ for any one of above questions. then be confident in selecting Orlando short sale is best among your decisions.this short sale is a step before a foreclosure with this short sale the lender(the bank or a mortage company) will make you to sell your homes for less than your expectation, when you are in troubles with this short sales you can avoid that problem and you and home owner will not have any obligations,bankruptacy. and will have a chance to protect your credit rating.
why mortage holders allow short sales? because once lenders foreclosures they are responsible for that properties and they have to show the forclosed property from last one or two years lenders forclosed more property than the desired one so the restricted further closures and they don’t want to leave there property unusual because unusual houses get destructed due to fire and eninornmental conditions.if longer house is not occupied then it will be hard to sell that home that’s why many lenders will consider short sales under certain circumstances
but selling under short sales is extreamly complecated .
consider one case: if the property is sold through MLS listing, you or you or your agent will deales with the prspective buyer.but when you sell the property through short sales, you or your agent should deal wiyh both buyer and lender. if multiple lenders has an itrest on the same property the issue will be still complicated that’s why preferring real estate in short sales is best thing because real estate agent act on behalf of you and will negotiate both price and compleates all the paper work that required for Orlando short sale.negotiations may due to lenders paying and closing costs.
don’t be swayed by stories that no one is buying homes. if you live in Orlando you will the feel that will be the great place to live and to live after retirement. and it is centrally located very near to nice places and beaches and at offerdable prices. that’s why people will prefer the houseses in Orlando.
Think before you borrow more money form family members and try to avoid wastge of money value your money if you owe more money trhan the offerdable it will be wastage of money that’s why with short sale you can limit your loses and preserve your credentials a realtor who is certified as short sale specialist can reviel how much importance is that.
if you have answer ‘yes’ for any one of above questions. then be confident in selecting Orlando short sale is best among your decisions.this short sale is a step before a foreclosure with this short sale the lender(the bank or a mortage company) will make you to sell your homes for less than your expectation, when you are in troubles with this short sales you can avoid that problem and you and home owner will not have any obligations,bankruptacy. and will have a chance to protect your credit rating.
why mortage holders allow short sales? because once lenders foreclosures they are responsible for that properties and they have to show the forclosed property from last one or two years lenders forclosed more property than the desired one so the restricted further closures and they don’t want to leave there property unusual because unusual houses get destructed due to fire and eninornmental conditions.if longer house is not occupied then it will be hard to sell that home that’s why many lenders will consider short sales under certain circumstances
but selling under short sales is extreamly complecated .
consider one case: if the property is sold through MLS listing, you or you or your agent will deales with the prspective buyer.but when you sell the property through short sales, you or your agent should deal wiyh both buyer and lender. if multiple lenders has an itrest on the same property the issue will be still complicated that’s why preferring real estate in short sales is best thing because real estate agent act on behalf of you and will negotiate both price and compleates all the paper work that required for Orlando short sale.negotiations may due to lenders paying and closing costs.
don’t be swayed by stories that no one is buying homes. if you live in Orlando you will the feel that will be the great place to live and to live after retirement. and it is centrally located very near to nice places and beaches and at offerdable prices. that’s why people will prefer the houseses in Orlando.
Think before you borrow more money form family members and try to avoid wastge of money value your money if you owe more money trhan the offerdable it will be wastage of money that’s why with short sale you can limit your loses and preserve your credentials a realtor who is certified as short sale specialist can reviel how much importance is that.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in its classic form is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country. It is the establishment of an enterprise by a foreigner. Its definition can be extended to include investments made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor.
The FDI relationship consists of a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate which together form an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC).
Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become a key battleground for emerging markets and some developed countries.
Type of Foreign Direct Investors
A foreign direct investor may be classified in any sector of the economy and could be any one of the following
• an individual;
• a group of related individuals;
• an incorporated or unincorporated entity;
• a public company or private company;
• a group of related enterprises;
• a government body;
• an estate (law), trust or other societal organization; or
• any combination of the above.
FDIs can be broadly classified into two types: outward FDIs and inward FDIs. This classification is based on the types of restrictions imposed, and the various prerequisites required for these investments.
Outward-Bound FDI
An outward-bound FDI is backed by the government against all types of associated risks. This form of FDI is subject to tax incentives as well as disincentives of various forms. Risk coverage provided to the domestic industries and subsidies granted to the local firms stand in the way of outward FDIs, which are also known as 'direct investments abroad.
Inward-Bound FDI
Different economic factors encourage inward FDIs. These include interest loans, tax breaks, grants, subsidies, and the removal of restrictions and limitations. Factors detrimental to the growth of FDIs include necessities of differential performance and limitations related with ownership patterns.
Other categorizations of FDI
Vertical Foreign Direct Investment takes place when a multinational corporation owns some shares of a foreign enterprise, which supplies input for it or uses the output produced by the MNC.
Horizontal foreign direct investments happen when a multinational company carries out a similar business operation in different nations.
Methods of Foreign Direct Investments
The foreign direct investor may acquire 10% or more of the voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods:
• by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company
• by acquiring shares in an associated enterprise
• through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise
• participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise
Foreign direct investment incentives
• low corporate tax and income tax rates
• tax holidays
• other types of tax concessions
• preferential tariffs
• special economic zones
• investment financial subsidies
• soft loan or loan guarantees
• free land or land subsidies
• relocation & expatriation subsidies
• job training & employment subsidies
• infrastructure subsidies
• R&D support
• derogation from regulations (usually for very large projects)
FDI Policies
The foreign direct investment policies are the various rules and regulations that have been laid down by the various countries in order to regulate the overseas investment that is being made in a country.
The primary aim of these policies is to create a friendly business environment where foreign investors feel comfortable with the legal and financial framework of the country, and have the potential to reap profits from economically viable businesses. The prospect of new growth opportunities and outsized profits encourages large capital inflows across a range of industry and opportunity types.
Government-level policies are needed to enable FDI inflows and maximize their returns for both investors and recipient countries. Foreign direct investment (FDI) policies play a major role in the economic growth of developing countries around the world.
Developed countries also seek to bring in more FDI and use various policies and incentives to attract overseas investors, particularly for capital-intensive industries and advanced technology.
When policies are effective, significant FDI investments are injected into countries that help the domestic economy to grow. Different countries and regions offer various kinds of fiscal incentives, with a related variance in the level of FDI investments attracted.
Industrial Sectors that doesn’t permit FDI
1. Arms and ammunition.
2. Atomic Energy.
3. Railway Transport.
4. Coal and lignite.
5. Mining of iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulphur, gold, diamonds, copper, zinc.
Conclusion
FDIs are undertaken to strengthen the existing market structure or explore the opportunities of new markets can be called 'market-seeking FDIs.' 'Resource-seeking FDIs' are aimed at factors of production which have more operational efficiency than those available in the home country of the investor. FDI activities may be carried out to ensure optimization of available opportunities and economies of scale. In this case, the foreign direct investment is termed as 'efficiency-seeking.' The formation of human capital is vital for the continued growth of FDI inflows. To enable the most beneficial, technology and IP-driven FDI, highly skilled personnel are necessary. Governments must therefore enact policies to provide training and skills upgrading to develop their workforce and meet the employment needs of foreign investors.
Keywords:
Multinational corporation, subsidiary, merger, acquisition, joint venture ,corporate tax, income tax , tax holidays ,economic zones, soft loan,
The FDI relationship consists of a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate which together form an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC).
Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become a key battleground for emerging markets and some developed countries.
Type of Foreign Direct Investors
A foreign direct investor may be classified in any sector of the economy and could be any one of the following
• an individual;
• a group of related individuals;
• an incorporated or unincorporated entity;
• a public company or private company;
• a group of related enterprises;
• a government body;
• an estate (law), trust or other societal organization; or
• any combination of the above.
FDIs can be broadly classified into two types: outward FDIs and inward FDIs. This classification is based on the types of restrictions imposed, and the various prerequisites required for these investments.
Outward-Bound FDI
An outward-bound FDI is backed by the government against all types of associated risks. This form of FDI is subject to tax incentives as well as disincentives of various forms. Risk coverage provided to the domestic industries and subsidies granted to the local firms stand in the way of outward FDIs, which are also known as 'direct investments abroad.
Inward-Bound FDI
Different economic factors encourage inward FDIs. These include interest loans, tax breaks, grants, subsidies, and the removal of restrictions and limitations. Factors detrimental to the growth of FDIs include necessities of differential performance and limitations related with ownership patterns.
Other categorizations of FDI
Vertical Foreign Direct Investment takes place when a multinational corporation owns some shares of a foreign enterprise, which supplies input for it or uses the output produced by the MNC.
Horizontal foreign direct investments happen when a multinational company carries out a similar business operation in different nations.
Methods of Foreign Direct Investments
The foreign direct investor may acquire 10% or more of the voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods:
• by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company
• by acquiring shares in an associated enterprise
• through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise
• participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise
Foreign direct investment incentives
• low corporate tax and income tax rates
• tax holidays
• other types of tax concessions
• preferential tariffs
• special economic zones
• investment financial subsidies
• soft loan or loan guarantees
• free land or land subsidies
• relocation & expatriation subsidies
• job training & employment subsidies
• infrastructure subsidies
• R&D support
• derogation from regulations (usually for very large projects)
FDI Policies
The foreign direct investment policies are the various rules and regulations that have been laid down by the various countries in order to regulate the overseas investment that is being made in a country.
The primary aim of these policies is to create a friendly business environment where foreign investors feel comfortable with the legal and financial framework of the country, and have the potential to reap profits from economically viable businesses. The prospect of new growth opportunities and outsized profits encourages large capital inflows across a range of industry and opportunity types.
Government-level policies are needed to enable FDI inflows and maximize their returns for both investors and recipient countries. Foreign direct investment (FDI) policies play a major role in the economic growth of developing countries around the world.
Developed countries also seek to bring in more FDI and use various policies and incentives to attract overseas investors, particularly for capital-intensive industries and advanced technology.
When policies are effective, significant FDI investments are injected into countries that help the domestic economy to grow. Different countries and regions offer various kinds of fiscal incentives, with a related variance in the level of FDI investments attracted.
Industrial Sectors that doesn’t permit FDI
1. Arms and ammunition.
2. Atomic Energy.
3. Railway Transport.
4. Coal and lignite.
5. Mining of iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulphur, gold, diamonds, copper, zinc.
Conclusion
FDIs are undertaken to strengthen the existing market structure or explore the opportunities of new markets can be called 'market-seeking FDIs.' 'Resource-seeking FDIs' are aimed at factors of production which have more operational efficiency than those available in the home country of the investor. FDI activities may be carried out to ensure optimization of available opportunities and economies of scale. In this case, the foreign direct investment is termed as 'efficiency-seeking.' The formation of human capital is vital for the continued growth of FDI inflows. To enable the most beneficial, technology and IP-driven FDI, highly skilled personnel are necessary. Governments must therefore enact policies to provide training and skills upgrading to develop their workforce and meet the employment needs of foreign investors.
Keywords:
Multinational corporation, subsidiary, merger, acquisition, joint venture ,corporate tax, income tax , tax holidays ,economic zones, soft loan,
Thursday, September 24, 2009
Role of SEBI
INTRODUCTION:
In 1988 the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was established by the government of India through an executive resolution, and was subsequently upgraded as a fully autonomous body (a statutory Board) in year 1992 with the passing of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act (SEBI Act) on 30th January 1992. In place of government control, a statutory and autonomous regulatory board with defined responsibilities, to cover both development & regulation of the market, and independent powers has been set up. Paradoxically this is a positive outcome of the Securities scam of 1990-91.
SEBI has introduced the comprehensive regulatory measures, prescribed registration norms, the eligibility criteria, the code of obligations and the code of conduct for different intermediaries like, bankers to issue, merchant bankers, brokers and sub-brokers, registrars, portfolio managers, credit rating agencies, underwriters and others. It has framed bye-laws, risk identification and risk management systems for clearing houses of stock exchanges, surveillance system etc. This has made dealing in securities both safe and transparent to the investor.
EXPLAINATION:
The securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has sought explanation from its executive directors (EDs) in charge of the secondary markets department (SMD) and surveillance division and concerned officers during the period 1999-2000 for their failure to comply with the various actions recommended in the inspection reports of different stock exchanges.
The sebi action on this front comes in the wake of observations made by parliamentary committee (JPC) on the issue of performance of sebi’s nominee directors. JCP had recommended that explanations be called for immediately from all concerned officials in sebi who were involved in the inspection of the Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) during 1999-2000 regarding their failure to detect non-inclusion of crystallized long position in the outstanding position of the brokers and action be taken against them for dereliction of duty.
JPC had observed that the attendance record of some of the sebi’s nominee directors in the governing board meeting has been very poor, in as much as one nominee director in CSE did not attend even a single sitting out of 53 sittings during his tenure from October 1991 to April 1993 and another did not attend any sitting out of 26 sitting during his tenure from November 1996 to June 1998.
Through sebi has withdrawn its official nominees from the board of stock exchanges, there are other directors who are on the boards of the bourses as sebi nominees. The regulator would shortly issue a code of conduct for such nominee directors, sebi said in its ATR.
As regards the attendance of directors, the regulator sain it is monitoring the attendance of public representatives and nominees directors and has taken up the matter for discontinuance of any director who is found to be wanting in regular attendance.
CONCLUSION:
SEBI wants companies buying PNs to invest directly by registering with them to moderate the forex inflow. Earlier, the market nose-dived on October 17th after SEBI recommended curbing PNs. Market experts say that such measure will be beneficial in the longer term and will also moderate the suspicious capital inflow in the Indian market.
In 1988 the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was established by the government of India through an executive resolution, and was subsequently upgraded as a fully autonomous body (a statutory Board) in year 1992 with the passing of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act (SEBI Act) on 30th January 1992. In place of government control, a statutory and autonomous regulatory board with defined responsibilities, to cover both development & regulation of the market, and independent powers has been set up. Paradoxically this is a positive outcome of the Securities scam of 1990-91.
SEBI has introduced the comprehensive regulatory measures, prescribed registration norms, the eligibility criteria, the code of obligations and the code of conduct for different intermediaries like, bankers to issue, merchant bankers, brokers and sub-brokers, registrars, portfolio managers, credit rating agencies, underwriters and others. It has framed bye-laws, risk identification and risk management systems for clearing houses of stock exchanges, surveillance system etc. This has made dealing in securities both safe and transparent to the investor.
EXPLAINATION:
The securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has sought explanation from its executive directors (EDs) in charge of the secondary markets department (SMD) and surveillance division and concerned officers during the period 1999-2000 for their failure to comply with the various actions recommended in the inspection reports of different stock exchanges.
The sebi action on this front comes in the wake of observations made by parliamentary committee (JPC) on the issue of performance of sebi’s nominee directors. JCP had recommended that explanations be called for immediately from all concerned officials in sebi who were involved in the inspection of the Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) during 1999-2000 regarding their failure to detect non-inclusion of crystallized long position in the outstanding position of the brokers and action be taken against them for dereliction of duty.
JPC had observed that the attendance record of some of the sebi’s nominee directors in the governing board meeting has been very poor, in as much as one nominee director in CSE did not attend even a single sitting out of 53 sittings during his tenure from October 1991 to April 1993 and another did not attend any sitting out of 26 sitting during his tenure from November 1996 to June 1998.
Through sebi has withdrawn its official nominees from the board of stock exchanges, there are other directors who are on the boards of the bourses as sebi nominees. The regulator would shortly issue a code of conduct for such nominee directors, sebi said in its ATR.
As regards the attendance of directors, the regulator sain it is monitoring the attendance of public representatives and nominees directors and has taken up the matter for discontinuance of any director who is found to be wanting in regular attendance.
CONCLUSION:
SEBI wants companies buying PNs to invest directly by registering with them to moderate the forex inflow. Earlier, the market nose-dived on October 17th after SEBI recommended curbing PNs. Market experts say that such measure will be beneficial in the longer term and will also moderate the suspicious capital inflow in the Indian market.
Saturday, September 19, 2009
IPHONES
Introduction:
Now a day we have got the iPhone, the only thing is currently left to fantasize to be the itablet.It means bringing more than a little crazy with them. I-PAD technology is software and specialized system developed company. I-PAD technology strategy is to offer quality products and services using innovative ideas and solutions.
Design:
The iPod was first introduced a mini hard dick to store music. Over the year the storage capacity improved like as 80 gigabytes of data. Cost is $249 and $349 respectively. It holds up 20,000 songs, up to 25,000 photos. You can browse movies on the iTunes Store, download to your IPods.
IPods menu
1. Play lists
2. Artists
3. Albums
4. songs
5. Genres
6. Composer.
Features:
1. Music storage capacity
2. Docking mechanism and input mechanism.
3. Color screens
Now a day we have got the iPhone, the only thing is currently left to fantasize to be the itablet.It means bringing more than a little crazy with them. I-PAD technology is software and specialized system developed company. I-PAD technology strategy is to offer quality products and services using innovative ideas and solutions.
Design:
The iPod was first introduced a mini hard dick to store music. Over the year the storage capacity improved like as 80 gigabytes of data. Cost is $249 and $349 respectively. It holds up 20,000 songs, up to 25,000 photos. You can browse movies on the iTunes Store, download to your IPods.
IPods menu
1. Play lists
2. Artists
3. Albums
4. songs
5. Genres
6. Composer.
Features:
1. Music storage capacity
2. Docking mechanism and input mechanism.
3. Color screens
LG enV Touch (Verizon Wireless)
Introduction:
LG enV Touch has two beautiful displays is there. One is nice touch screen and another one is QWERTY keyboard. It has 3.2 mega pixel camera and full HTML web browser. Main draw back is web browser experience is not smooth as we would use regularly.
Design:
The LG enV Touch was a very surprising one. The enV line of phones would be in the line of LG enV VX 9900, LG enV2 and recently LG enV3.Those phones has numeric keypad in front and QWERTY keyboard in their flip deigns. But LG enV Touch is actually full touch screen-interface is there.
The enV touch modal has three physical keys in the bottom. They are send, Clear, End/Power keys. The touch screen stunning, measuring three inches diagonally. The display has 1.6 million colors and it is bright, sharp and vibrant.
The bottom page five icons are there. There are the messaging menu, the virtual dial pad, the main menu, the phone book and a Favorites page. This page contains your favorite contacts or group. You can then drag and drop those shortcut icons to the home screen. Certain application clock and calendar is there.
The enV Touch is an internal accelerometer. You can activate QWERTY keyboard by roating the phone horizontally. When you use the QWERTY keyboard, each keys are magnifies like the keyboard on the iPhone.
Features:
1. EnV Touch contains 1,500 entry phone books, Two E mail addresses, contacts into call groups and 26 polyphonic ring tones.
2. Other additional things vibrate mode, speaker phone, call waiting, call divert, clock and calendar.
3. Its support blue tooth profile include dial up networking, file transfer and basic imaging.
4. In Email option, you can get mail from variety of services such as yahoo, AOL and windows live.
5. The enV Touch camera has 3.2 mega pixel, you can take picture in six different resolutions (2,048x1, 536, 1,600x1, 200, 1,280x960, 640x480, and 320x240 pixels)
Performances:
The audio quality of songs from the LG enV Touch’s Stereo speakers was average. The bass was lacking. We were using the wired or stereo Bluetooth headset for better quality. It has a streaming video, better screen quality. It has a rated battery life of 4.3 hours talk time. The enV Touch a digital SAR rating of 0.932 watts per kilogram.
LG enV Touch has two beautiful displays is there. One is nice touch screen and another one is QWERTY keyboard. It has 3.2 mega pixel camera and full HTML web browser. Main draw back is web browser experience is not smooth as we would use regularly.
Design:
The LG enV Touch was a very surprising one. The enV line of phones would be in the line of LG enV VX 9900, LG enV2 and recently LG enV3.Those phones has numeric keypad in front and QWERTY keyboard in their flip deigns. But LG enV Touch is actually full touch screen-interface is there.
The enV touch modal has three physical keys in the bottom. They are send, Clear, End/Power keys. The touch screen stunning, measuring three inches diagonally. The display has 1.6 million colors and it is bright, sharp and vibrant.
The bottom page five icons are there. There are the messaging menu, the virtual dial pad, the main menu, the phone book and a Favorites page. This page contains your favorite contacts or group. You can then drag and drop those shortcut icons to the home screen. Certain application clock and calendar is there.
The enV Touch is an internal accelerometer. You can activate QWERTY keyboard by roating the phone horizontally. When you use the QWERTY keyboard, each keys are magnifies like the keyboard on the iPhone.
Features:
1. EnV Touch contains 1,500 entry phone books, Two E mail addresses, contacts into call groups and 26 polyphonic ring tones.
2. Other additional things vibrate mode, speaker phone, call waiting, call divert, clock and calendar.
3. Its support blue tooth profile include dial up networking, file transfer and basic imaging.
4. In Email option, you can get mail from variety of services such as yahoo, AOL and windows live.
5. The enV Touch camera has 3.2 mega pixel, you can take picture in six different resolutions (2,048x1, 536, 1,600x1, 200, 1,280x960, 640x480, and 320x240 pixels)
Performances:
The audio quality of songs from the LG enV Touch’s Stereo speakers was average. The bass was lacking. We were using the wired or stereo Bluetooth headset for better quality. It has a streaming video, better screen quality. It has a rated battery life of 4.3 hours talk time. The enV Touch a digital SAR rating of 0.932 watts per kilogram.
MONEY MARKET
INTRODUCTION
The definition of money market says, it is a global financial market used for borrowing and lending. It is used only for short-term lending. It is not applicable for long-term lending. It contains mainly two basic systems one of them is financial institutions, second one is dealers in money or credit who wish to either borrow or lend.
The money market consists of a huge number of participants, from the organization raising money. They were selling the commercial paper into the market to a human being who is ready to invest their money. They are known as investor. As I mentioned above money market is for short term, it is nothing but the borrower can borrow money from several days to one year. In India money market is there from the past two decades only because of its huge growth. In India money market is based on several parameters, one of them is interest. It is also linked with foreign exchange market. There are many advantages for money market some of them are listed below
1. money markets are easily usable
2. one of the most safest investment
3. it is also available in internet, and those are generally getting higher yields
It is the convenient way to make income. Money markets funds offer greater liquidity in this field. The presence of the money market is nothing but the market from which the banks lend or borrow finances to each other, it is never avoided. Money market is free from the interest rates, but still its crating distortions in Indian market. There are many disadvantages is also there.
The definition of money market says, it is a global financial market used for borrowing and lending. It is used only for short-term lending. It is not applicable for long-term lending. It contains mainly two basic systems one of them is financial institutions, second one is dealers in money or credit who wish to either borrow or lend.
The money market consists of a huge number of participants, from the organization raising money. They were selling the commercial paper into the market to a human being who is ready to invest their money. They are known as investor. As I mentioned above money market is for short term, it is nothing but the borrower can borrow money from several days to one year. In India money market is there from the past two decades only because of its huge growth. In India money market is based on several parameters, one of them is interest. It is also linked with foreign exchange market. There are many advantages for money market some of them are listed below
1. money markets are easily usable
2. one of the most safest investment
3. it is also available in internet, and those are generally getting higher yields
It is the convenient way to make income. Money markets funds offer greater liquidity in this field. The presence of the money market is nothing but the market from which the banks lend or borrow finances to each other, it is never avoided. Money market is free from the interest rates, but still its crating distortions in Indian market. There are many disadvantages is also there.
Insurance
1. Introduction :-
Insurance make the easier way of our life . Money is most important thing in our
Life . If we have money than we can survive easily and we can get everything .
Insurance is one of the major criteria to taking money . Due to this we can easily
Collect money and enjoy our life.
2. Explanation :-
There are many type of insurance like : (a) life insurance , (b)home insurance ,
(c) vehicle insurance (d) health insurance etc etra .. .
(a) Life insurance : people are give to the financial help to their help . it is a pure insurance , which pays only death of the insured person it is the beller way to
Contribute their life after death . Due to this every people make their life in
Easy way and live a good life because he will have keep money .
Only term and condition in life insurance is that we have to pay fixed
Money in a fixed date . if we do not like this then we will hae to take suffer
By insurance company.
(b) Vehicle insurance : - This thing is more using now a days . Every people are
using Vehicle insurance for protecting their vehicle . Vehicle insurance (also
known as auto insurance, car insurance, or motor insurance) is insurance for vehicle other vehicles. Its primary use is to provide protection against losses incurred as a result of against liability thatcould be incurred in an accident . Only term and condition in Vehicle insurance we have to pay fixed money in every
month . for doing this they will protect our thing by money . for using it we can save our things .
(c) Home insurance : - Home insurance is every where using by people .
After making their building firstly they get their home insurance . due to
This they protect their home by financially help . In many times it provides protection against the natural calamities like floods , landslides and torrential rains
And othings like gas cylinder , fire due to sort circuit and other things . Insurance policies cover like building and contents inside the home . Only term and condition in Home insurance we have to pay fixed money in every
month . for doing this they will protect our home by money . for using it we can save our things .
(d) Health insurance : -
Now a days medical cost is very high so due to this it is better way to try the
Fight with deases . if we have money then we can do every thing . In case if we
Face unexpected mishap or a unforeseen diaabitity or attack in that time it will
Help by financially . The health insurance does it all, so that they do not have to worry for the huge payments at the last minute. This type of insurance
cover all all type of things by money . Due to this we have to pay some fixed
money in a fixed date.
Insurance make the easier way of our life . Money is most important thing in our
Life . If we have money than we can survive easily and we can get everything .
Insurance is one of the major criteria to taking money . Due to this we can easily
Collect money and enjoy our life.
2. Explanation :-
There are many type of insurance like : (a) life insurance , (b)home insurance ,
(c) vehicle insurance (d) health insurance etc etra .. .
(a) Life insurance : people are give to the financial help to their help . it is a pure insurance , which pays only death of the insured person it is the beller way to
Contribute their life after death . Due to this every people make their life in
Easy way and live a good life because he will have keep money .
Only term and condition in life insurance is that we have to pay fixed
Money in a fixed date . if we do not like this then we will hae to take suffer
By insurance company.
(b) Vehicle insurance : - This thing is more using now a days . Every people are
using Vehicle insurance for protecting their vehicle . Vehicle insurance (also
known as auto insurance, car insurance, or motor insurance) is insurance for vehicle other vehicles. Its primary use is to provide protection against losses incurred as a result of against liability thatcould be incurred in an accident . Only term and condition in Vehicle insurance we have to pay fixed money in every
month . for doing this they will protect our thing by money . for using it we can save our things .
(c) Home insurance : - Home insurance is every where using by people .
After making their building firstly they get their home insurance . due to
This they protect their home by financially help . In many times it provides protection against the natural calamities like floods , landslides and torrential rains
And othings like gas cylinder , fire due to sort circuit and other things . Insurance policies cover like building and contents inside the home . Only term and condition in Home insurance we have to pay fixed money in every
month . for doing this they will protect our home by money . for using it we can save our things .
(d) Health insurance : -
Now a days medical cost is very high so due to this it is better way to try the
Fight with deases . if we have money then we can do every thing . In case if we
Face unexpected mishap or a unforeseen diaabitity or attack in that time it will
Help by financially . The health insurance does it all, so that they do not have to worry for the huge payments at the last minute. This type of insurance
cover all all type of things by money . Due to this we have to pay some fixed
money in a fixed date.
Friday, September 18, 2009
STOCK MARKET
Introduction:
Before we get into the main topic, let us first understand the meaning of the words stocks and shares. Stock represents a share of ownership in a financial institution, while share is a unit which focuses on the share of profit and losses of that particular company. The whole idea of stock market is to deal with shares of a company by buying them. It is any other business where there are profits as well as losses. When a person wants to buy a particular share of a company, he must know what amount to buy and when he must sell them so that he wouldn’t be in possession of it when the share crashes. This is the whole idea of stock market.
In detail:
Now that we have an idea of what exactly the term stock market is, let us venture in to the depth of it. Different types of stocks are present. They are common stock and preferred stock.
As the name indicates, common stock is widely seen and often purchased buy the common man. It represents ownership in a company and a claim on a portion of profits. Common stocks, in the long run yield higher returns when compared to the other investments. And it is worth the price since it is very risky as well.
Preferred stock represents some degree of ownership in the company but it does not come with the voting right. This is not at all a risky affair since no matter what, the investors are guaranteed a fixed dividend which is forever. Although it is an added advantage, it does not yield the profit that a common stock does; infact investors of a preferred stock consider it as a debt than equity.
Trading:
Now let us see how a stock is traded. The stocks are mostly traded through exchange. Bombay stock exchange (BSE) and National stock exchange (NSE) are the best examples of trading exchange. It mainly constitutes of places where the sellers and the buyers meet and decide on the price of a particular stock. It’s a business where each second counts since a share which carries a high price can go low in the next minute. Hence the traders and investors are on their toes and do not waste a single minute. The other type of exchange is virtual wherein trading is done through a network of computers where trading is done electronically. This is convenient since the investors need not go to the exchange but can sit at one place and see the updates through the internet. There are many websites which help the traders for the same, for eg: sharekhan, moneycontrol, market volume, yahoo finance etc…
The purpose of a stock market is to facilitate the exchange of securities and at the same time reducing the risks of investing. It is important for us to distinguish between primary market and secondary market. In primary market, securities are created while in secondary market, investors trade previously issued securities without getting the company involved.
Now let us see why exactly the stocks change. It is because of demand and supply. If the amount of people who want a stock is high, sell the stock and hence the price increases and vice versa. Another important question is, why would so many people want a particular stock? The answer lies on the company issuing that stock. That again depends on what news is positive and what news is negative for that company.
How to read a stock table:
The stock table is designed in such a way that the common man can understand. It is mainly a graph and not o documentation which needs certain amount of time. You can just gauge the graph to know the statistics. To make it easier, the graph gives the latest update every 30 seconds. All that a trader has to do is reload the page and he has all the information he ever needs on the current stocks.
Conclusion:
Stock market is a great way to make money but if a person ventures into it only for the sake of money, it is not advisable. This is because you get to learn a lot about the company when you decide to buy a share. That will help you in the long run. Finally to sum it up, stock market is any other business where there are profits as well as losses, so do not think only on the profit front.
Before we get into the main topic, let us first understand the meaning of the words stocks and shares. Stock represents a share of ownership in a financial institution, while share is a unit which focuses on the share of profit and losses of that particular company. The whole idea of stock market is to deal with shares of a company by buying them. It is any other business where there are profits as well as losses. When a person wants to buy a particular share of a company, he must know what amount to buy and when he must sell them so that he wouldn’t be in possession of it when the share crashes. This is the whole idea of stock market.
In detail:
Now that we have an idea of what exactly the term stock market is, let us venture in to the depth of it. Different types of stocks are present. They are common stock and preferred stock.
As the name indicates, common stock is widely seen and often purchased buy the common man. It represents ownership in a company and a claim on a portion of profits. Common stocks, in the long run yield higher returns when compared to the other investments. And it is worth the price since it is very risky as well.
Preferred stock represents some degree of ownership in the company but it does not come with the voting right. This is not at all a risky affair since no matter what, the investors are guaranteed a fixed dividend which is forever. Although it is an added advantage, it does not yield the profit that a common stock does; infact investors of a preferred stock consider it as a debt than equity.
Trading:
Now let us see how a stock is traded. The stocks are mostly traded through exchange. Bombay stock exchange (BSE) and National stock exchange (NSE) are the best examples of trading exchange. It mainly constitutes of places where the sellers and the buyers meet and decide on the price of a particular stock. It’s a business where each second counts since a share which carries a high price can go low in the next minute. Hence the traders and investors are on their toes and do not waste a single minute. The other type of exchange is virtual wherein trading is done through a network of computers where trading is done electronically. This is convenient since the investors need not go to the exchange but can sit at one place and see the updates through the internet. There are many websites which help the traders for the same, for eg: sharekhan, moneycontrol, market volume, yahoo finance etc…
The purpose of a stock market is to facilitate the exchange of securities and at the same time reducing the risks of investing. It is important for us to distinguish between primary market and secondary market. In primary market, securities are created while in secondary market, investors trade previously issued securities without getting the company involved.
Now let us see why exactly the stocks change. It is because of demand and supply. If the amount of people who want a stock is high, sell the stock and hence the price increases and vice versa. Another important question is, why would so many people want a particular stock? The answer lies on the company issuing that stock. That again depends on what news is positive and what news is negative for that company.
How to read a stock table:
The stock table is designed in such a way that the common man can understand. It is mainly a graph and not o documentation which needs certain amount of time. You can just gauge the graph to know the statistics. To make it easier, the graph gives the latest update every 30 seconds. All that a trader has to do is reload the page and he has all the information he ever needs on the current stocks.
Conclusion:
Stock market is a great way to make money but if a person ventures into it only for the sake of money, it is not advisable. This is because you get to learn a lot about the company when you decide to buy a share. That will help you in the long run. Finally to sum it up, stock market is any other business where there are profits as well as losses, so do not think only on the profit front.
Cellphone Description
Samsung Rouge:-
Samsung Rouge is a touch screen and keyboard combo handset. It has a gorgeous AMOLED display, a 3.5mm headset jack, and voice dialing. Other features include HTML browser with flash lite support, GPS, EV-DOREV. It is 4.29 inches long, 2.17 inches wide and .65 inches thick. Its bronze silver colour scheme look gives it a amazing look. Its display looks gorgeous even under sunlight. The screen has vibrating feedback and we can even adjust the length and intensity of the vibrations. We can adjust the backlight, the dial font size, the menu font style, the clock format on the home screen, and the transition effect between menus. However the model is very bulky and the video quality is poor.
LG enV touch:-
This is a touch screen model and one of the top verizon wireless phones ever. It is 4.52 inches long by 2.16 inches wide by 0.66 inch thick It has a QWERTY keyboard, 3.2 mp camera, 3.5 mm head set jack, EV-DO rev and a full time HTML browser. It has a stylish and sleeky look with a solid feel in the hand and a sturdy hinge construction. It offers a faster web browsing and has a touch calibration wizard. There are 5 shortcut icons at the bottom of the home screen that lead to messaging menu, virtual dial pad, main menu, phone book and favorites page However yhe touch could be more refined and the web browsing is not so smooth. Further we have to pay additional amount for voice and corporate mail. Lastly wi fi is missing which is disappointing.
Samsung Rouge is a touch screen and keyboard combo handset. It has a gorgeous AMOLED display, a 3.5mm headset jack, and voice dialing. Other features include HTML browser with flash lite support, GPS, EV-DOREV. It is 4.29 inches long, 2.17 inches wide and .65 inches thick. Its bronze silver colour scheme look gives it a amazing look. Its display looks gorgeous even under sunlight. The screen has vibrating feedback and we can even adjust the length and intensity of the vibrations. We can adjust the backlight, the dial font size, the menu font style, the clock format on the home screen, and the transition effect between menus. However the model is very bulky and the video quality is poor.
LG enV touch:-
This is a touch screen model and one of the top verizon wireless phones ever. It is 4.52 inches long by 2.16 inches wide by 0.66 inch thick It has a QWERTY keyboard, 3.2 mp camera, 3.5 mm head set jack, EV-DO rev and a full time HTML browser. It has a stylish and sleeky look with a solid feel in the hand and a sturdy hinge construction. It offers a faster web browsing and has a touch calibration wizard. There are 5 shortcut icons at the bottom of the home screen that lead to messaging menu, virtual dial pad, main menu, phone book and favorites page However yhe touch could be more refined and the web browsing is not so smooth. Further we have to pay additional amount for voice and corporate mail. Lastly wi fi is missing which is disappointing.
CORPORATE FINANCE
Introduction :
Corporate Finance is a platform or an area which makes us to deal with the finance decision corporations make tools and it is the analysis to make decisions. The main aim of the corporate finance is increase the corporate value to manage financial risks. It deals with the strategic financial issues which are associated with its achievement.
Explaination :
Corporate finance can be divided into long term and short term decisions and techniques.capital investment decisions can hold long term choices about which makes us the project receive investment which includes equity or debt or whether they should pay dividends to share holders. on the other way short term decisions can come under working capital management which deals with the short term balance of current assests and current liabilities.
Finance and corporate financer can also associates
with the investment banking. The important role of investment banker is to evaluate company’s financial needs and can raise the particular type of the capital that best suits those needs.
Capital Investment Decisions :
These are long term Corporate finance decisions which are related to the fixed assests and capital structure. The decisions are based on several inter- related criteria. Corporate mangement seeks to increase the value of the firm by investing in projects which gives a positive net present value using an appropriate discount rate which can be financed appropriately.
The Investment Decision :
Management should allocate limited sources with in the competing opportunities usually named as projects and this process is said to be called as capital budgeting.Making of this capital allocation decision requires estimate or to make through what is the financial cost of the project which means the function of the size, timing and predictability of flowing of the future cash.
Project valuation :
In general the value of each project will be estimated using a discounted cash flow valuation which gives the highest value as measured by the net present value. The net present value is mainly affected by the discount rate and thus it includes the identifying the discount rates named as the project “hurdle rate” which makes critically to the right decision. The hurdle rate is the least acceptable return on an investment and it should reflect the risk of an investment, which are typically measured by the volatility of cash flows and must take into account of the financial mix.
In additional with net present value there are others ways to used
as a secondary selection criteria in corporate finance. This includes discount pay back period, capitial efficiency.
Working Capital Management :
The main decisions which are related to working capital and short term financing are said to be called as working capital management. It involves managing of the relation between a firm’s short-term assets and short-term liabilities.
The main goal of the corporate finance is to increase the firm value.
It is enhanced through appropriately selecting and funding net positive value positive investments. It is therefore to ensure that firm can be able to operate which has a sufficient cash flow to service long term debt.
Corporate Finance is a platform or an area which makes us to deal with the finance decision corporations make tools and it is the analysis to make decisions. The main aim of the corporate finance is increase the corporate value to manage financial risks. It deals with the strategic financial issues which are associated with its achievement.
Explaination :
Corporate finance can be divided into long term and short term decisions and techniques.capital investment decisions can hold long term choices about which makes us the project receive investment which includes equity or debt or whether they should pay dividends to share holders. on the other way short term decisions can come under working capital management which deals with the short term balance of current assests and current liabilities.
Finance and corporate financer can also associates
with the investment banking. The important role of investment banker is to evaluate company’s financial needs and can raise the particular type of the capital that best suits those needs.
Capital Investment Decisions :
These are long term Corporate finance decisions which are related to the fixed assests and capital structure. The decisions are based on several inter- related criteria. Corporate mangement seeks to increase the value of the firm by investing in projects which gives a positive net present value using an appropriate discount rate which can be financed appropriately.
The Investment Decision :
Management should allocate limited sources with in the competing opportunities usually named as projects and this process is said to be called as capital budgeting.Making of this capital allocation decision requires estimate or to make through what is the financial cost of the project which means the function of the size, timing and predictability of flowing of the future cash.
Project valuation :
In general the value of each project will be estimated using a discounted cash flow valuation which gives the highest value as measured by the net present value. The net present value is mainly affected by the discount rate and thus it includes the identifying the discount rates named as the project “hurdle rate” which makes critically to the right decision. The hurdle rate is the least acceptable return on an investment and it should reflect the risk of an investment, which are typically measured by the volatility of cash flows and must take into account of the financial mix.
In additional with net present value there are others ways to used
as a secondary selection criteria in corporate finance. This includes discount pay back period, capitial efficiency.
Working Capital Management :
The main decisions which are related to working capital and short term financing are said to be called as working capital management. It involves managing of the relation between a firm’s short-term assets and short-term liabilities.
The main goal of the corporate finance is to increase the firm value.
It is enhanced through appropriately selecting and funding net positive value positive investments. It is therefore to ensure that firm can be able to operate which has a sufficient cash flow to service long term debt.
Corporate Finance
Introduction:
Corporate finance is an area of finance dealing with financial decisions; make tools and analysis used to make decisions, the main concept in the study of corporate finance are applicable to the financial problems of all kinds of firms.
Explanation:
The discipline can be divided in to long term and short term decisions and techniques:-
Capital management deals with the decision in long term choices about which projects receive investments, whether to finance that investment with equity or debt, will see in detail.
Working capital management deals with the decision in short term balance of current assets and current liabilities, the focus here is on managing cash, inventories and short term borrowing and lending, will see in detail
1. Capital investment decision:
As mentioned above it’s a long term decisions relating to the fixed assets and capital structure. Decisions are based on several inter-related criteria.
1.1 The investment decision
This comes under the capital investment decision, management must allocate limited resources between competing opportunities in a process know as capital budgeting. Making this capital allocation decision requires estimating the value of each opportunity or project: a function size, timing and predictability of future cash flows.
1.1.1 Project valuation
In general , each project’s value will be estimated using discount cash flow valuation , and the opportunity with the highest value, as measured by the resultant net present value will be selected.
1.1.2 Valuing flexibility
In many cases like R&D projects, a project may open or close paths of the action to the company, but this reality will not typically be captured in a net present value. The most common tools are Decision Tree Analysis(DTA) and Real Options Analysis(ROA).
The DTA values flexibility by incorporating possible events and consequent management decisions. In the decision tree, each management decision is response to an event generates branch or path which could the company follow.
The ROA is usually used when the value of a project is contingent on the value of some other asset
2. working capital management
Decision relating to working capital and short term financing are referred to as working capital management. The goal is therefore to ensure that firms is able to operate, it has sufficient cash flow to service long term debt.
2.1 Decision criteria
Working capital is the amount of capital which is really available to an organization. That is, working capital is the difference between resources in cash or readily convertible into cash and cash requirements.
2.2 Management of working capital
Management will use a combination of policies and techniques for the management of working capital, some are as follows
Cash management- Identify the cash balance which allows for the business to meet day to day expenses
Inventory management- Identify the level of inventory which allows for uninterrupted production but reduces the investment in raw materials
Debtors management- Identify the appropriate credit policy, credit terms will attract customers, such that any impact on cash flows and the conversion cycle will affect increased revenue and hence return on capital
Corporate finance is an area of finance dealing with financial decisions; make tools and analysis used to make decisions, the main concept in the study of corporate finance are applicable to the financial problems of all kinds of firms.
Explanation:
The discipline can be divided in to long term and short term decisions and techniques:-
Capital management deals with the decision in long term choices about which projects receive investments, whether to finance that investment with equity or debt, will see in detail.
Working capital management deals with the decision in short term balance of current assets and current liabilities, the focus here is on managing cash, inventories and short term borrowing and lending, will see in detail
1. Capital investment decision:
As mentioned above it’s a long term decisions relating to the fixed assets and capital structure. Decisions are based on several inter-related criteria.
1.1 The investment decision
This comes under the capital investment decision, management must allocate limited resources between competing opportunities in a process know as capital budgeting. Making this capital allocation decision requires estimating the value of each opportunity or project: a function size, timing and predictability of future cash flows.
1.1.1 Project valuation
In general , each project’s value will be estimated using discount cash flow valuation , and the opportunity with the highest value, as measured by the resultant net present value will be selected.
1.1.2 Valuing flexibility
In many cases like R&D projects, a project may open or close paths of the action to the company, but this reality will not typically be captured in a net present value. The most common tools are Decision Tree Analysis(DTA) and Real Options Analysis(ROA).
The DTA values flexibility by incorporating possible events and consequent management decisions. In the decision tree, each management decision is response to an event generates branch or path which could the company follow.
The ROA is usually used when the value of a project is contingent on the value of some other asset
2. working capital management
Decision relating to working capital and short term financing are referred to as working capital management. The goal is therefore to ensure that firms is able to operate, it has sufficient cash flow to service long term debt.
2.1 Decision criteria
Working capital is the amount of capital which is really available to an organization. That is, working capital is the difference between resources in cash or readily convertible into cash and cash requirements.
2.2 Management of working capital
Management will use a combination of policies and techniques for the management of working capital, some are as follows
Cash management- Identify the cash balance which allows for the business to meet day to day expenses
Inventory management- Identify the level of inventory which allows for uninterrupted production but reduces the investment in raw materials
Debtors management- Identify the appropriate credit policy, credit terms will attract customers, such that any impact on cash flows and the conversion cycle will affect increased revenue and hence return on capital
BANKING
A bank is a financial institution licensed by a government. Its primary activities include borrowing and lending money. Bank activity can be divided into so many types. Some of them are Commercial bank, Community bank, Private bank, Postal saving bank, saving bank etc.
Banks are very important players in financial markets. It is based on a relationship between the bank and the customer. The first state deposit bank was founded in 1407 at Genoa. In traditional banking system banks act as payment agents and they borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts. But now days people can go for online banking also. Online banking contains so many features and capabilities but some rules are same as traditional banking. So many security measures are there in banking system to save the peoples money. Every bank has its own laws. Some of them are as follows.
The bank account balance is the financial position between the bank and the customer: when the account is in credit, the bank owes the balance to the customer; when the account is overdrawn, the customer owes the balance to the bank.
The bank agrees to pay the customer's cheques up to the amount standing to the credit of the customer's account, plus any agreed overdraft limit.
The bank may not pay from the customer's account without a mandate from the customer, e.g. a cheque drawn by the customer.
The bank agrees to promptly collect the cheques deposited to the customer's account as the customer's agent, and to credit the proceeds to the customer's account.
The bank has a right to combine the customer's accounts, since each account is just an aspect of the same credit relationship.
The bank has a lien on cheques deposited to the customer's account, to the extent that the customer is indebted to the bank.
The bank must not disclose details of transactions through the customer's account, unless the customer consents, there is a public duty to disclose, the bank's interests require it, or the law demands it.
The bank must not close a customer's account without reasonable notice, since cheques are outstanding in the ordinary course of business for several days.
Banks offer many different channels to access money and other services. They are Branch, ATM, Mail, Telephone banking, Online banking, Mobile banking, Video banking etc. Banks provides so many kinds of loans for education, to build house, for farmers etc. A bank generates a profit from the differential between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities. So people can get more profit if there investment is more. Banking system is a safety one and people gets profits for there investments. So it’s essential to have a banking system in every country.
Banks are very important players in financial markets. It is based on a relationship between the bank and the customer. The first state deposit bank was founded in 1407 at Genoa. In traditional banking system banks act as payment agents and they borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts. But now days people can go for online banking also. Online banking contains so many features and capabilities but some rules are same as traditional banking. So many security measures are there in banking system to save the peoples money. Every bank has its own laws. Some of them are as follows.
The bank account balance is the financial position between the bank and the customer: when the account is in credit, the bank owes the balance to the customer; when the account is overdrawn, the customer owes the balance to the bank.
The bank agrees to pay the customer's cheques up to the amount standing to the credit of the customer's account, plus any agreed overdraft limit.
The bank may not pay from the customer's account without a mandate from the customer, e.g. a cheque drawn by the customer.
The bank agrees to promptly collect the cheques deposited to the customer's account as the customer's agent, and to credit the proceeds to the customer's account.
The bank has a right to combine the customer's accounts, since each account is just an aspect of the same credit relationship.
The bank has a lien on cheques deposited to the customer's account, to the extent that the customer is indebted to the bank.
The bank must not disclose details of transactions through the customer's account, unless the customer consents, there is a public duty to disclose, the bank's interests require it, or the law demands it.
The bank must not close a customer's account without reasonable notice, since cheques are outstanding in the ordinary course of business for several days.
Banks offer many different channels to access money and other services. They are Branch, ATM, Mail, Telephone banking, Online banking, Mobile banking, Video banking etc. Banks provides so many kinds of loans for education, to build house, for farmers etc. A bank generates a profit from the differential between the level of interest it pays for deposits and other sources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities. So people can get more profit if there investment is more. Banking system is a safety one and people gets profits for there investments. So it’s essential to have a banking system in every country.
SHARE CAPITAL
Introduction:
Companies generally issue shares to raise money for some kind of proposed expenditure,such as building a new product plant, carrying out new research or buying another company.Share holders bring money into the company in return for a slice of ownership. It is share holders and not the directors who therefor own the company.
Explaination:
Funds raised by issuing shares in return for cash or other considerations. The amount of share capital a company has change over time because each time a business sells news shares to the public in exchange for cash, the amount of share capital will increase. Share capital can be composed of both common and preffered shares.
Share capital is the fund raised by a company through the issuance of common or preferential shares to individuals / institutional investors for the growth and expansion related aspects of the company. It also known as equity financing through which the share holders of the issud capital receive rights of ownership in the concerned company by bying shares of the same.Buyers of the share capital become owners of the company in accordance to their stake in the same and hence possess certain degree of control over its operation.
Amount of share capital a company possess is a valuable. As a company issues more and more shares to the public in lieu of found,the amount of share capital increase.
The difference between the authorized and issued share capital represents the number and value of share that the company can issue should it need to raise further capital. Therefor issued share capital could share around 2.3 billion shares.authorised capital share could share around 9.2 billion shares.
Share capital may consists of:
a)common share:
It gives an ownership right to the holders of the stock and hence the share holders are entitled to the earnings of the company according to their stake.Holders also get dividends on those stocks as and when given by the company.Liberty of common stocks are very high and can be bought and sold at any time of the market hours.
b)Preffered share:
These stocks also give ownership right to its holders.Its holders enjoy the privilege of receiving dividends from the company in preference to any other common share holders.
Preffered stocks hava less liquidity than the common stocks.
Share capital issues are most likely to benefit the small business who suffer fro lack of initial cash flow. Through this, small business get easy access to fund. Share capital are also advantageous to a small business owner because he has no obligation for repayment of money to the investor.
The main disadvantage of financing through share capital route is that the owner has to giv-up certain amount of control from the business because buyers of the share capital become part owners of the company in accordance to their stake in the same and hence possess certain degree of control over its operation. Thus, the owner is now free to take any decision as per his ideas but has the obligation of getting it approved from the board of share holders.
Companies generally issue shares to raise money for some kind of proposed expenditure,such as building a new product plant, carrying out new research or buying another company.Share holders bring money into the company in return for a slice of ownership. It is share holders and not the directors who therefor own the company.
Explaination:
Funds raised by issuing shares in return for cash or other considerations. The amount of share capital a company has change over time because each time a business sells news shares to the public in exchange for cash, the amount of share capital will increase. Share capital can be composed of both common and preffered shares.
Share capital is the fund raised by a company through the issuance of common or preferential shares to individuals / institutional investors for the growth and expansion related aspects of the company. It also known as equity financing through which the share holders of the issud capital receive rights of ownership in the concerned company by bying shares of the same.Buyers of the share capital become owners of the company in accordance to their stake in the same and hence possess certain degree of control over its operation.
Amount of share capital a company possess is a valuable. As a company issues more and more shares to the public in lieu of found,the amount of share capital increase.
The difference between the authorized and issued share capital represents the number and value of share that the company can issue should it need to raise further capital. Therefor issued share capital could share around 2.3 billion shares.authorised capital share could share around 9.2 billion shares.
Share capital may consists of:
a)common share:
It gives an ownership right to the holders of the stock and hence the share holders are entitled to the earnings of the company according to their stake.Holders also get dividends on those stocks as and when given by the company.Liberty of common stocks are very high and can be bought and sold at any time of the market hours.
b)Preffered share:
These stocks also give ownership right to its holders.Its holders enjoy the privilege of receiving dividends from the company in preference to any other common share holders.
Preffered stocks hava less liquidity than the common stocks.
Share capital issues are most likely to benefit the small business who suffer fro lack of initial cash flow. Through this, small business get easy access to fund. Share capital are also advantageous to a small business owner because he has no obligation for repayment of money to the investor.
The main disadvantage of financing through share capital route is that the owner has to giv-up certain amount of control from the business because buyers of the share capital become part owners of the company in accordance to their stake in the same and hence possess certain degree of control over its operation. Thus, the owner is now free to take any decision as per his ideas but has the obligation of getting it approved from the board of share holders.
DERIVATIVE MARKET
Introduction
The Derivative Market is the financial market for the derivatives. It is the market where exchange of derivatives takes place. Derivatives are defined as one type of securities whose price is derived from the underlying assets. The underlying assets are stocks, bonds, currencies, market indices etc. Derivatives can also be referred as the contract between two parties. The derivatives can be classified as Future contracts, Forward contracts, Swaps, Option and Credit derivatives.
Types of Derivative Market
The Derivative Market can be classified into 2 types:
i) Exchange Traded Derivative Market
ii) Over the Counter Derivative Market
Exchange Traded Derivatives Markets are the markets where the derivatives are traded through specialized derivative. Over the Counter Derivative Markets are the markets where the derivatives are privately traded between the two parties.
In the Exchange Traded Derivative Market, exchange acts as the main party and intermediary to all related transactions and takes initial margin from both sides of the trade to act as a guarantee. In the process of trading of derivatives actually risk is traded between the two parties. Some types of derivative instruments may trade n traditional exchanges. Hybrid instruments like convertible bonds may be listed on stock or bond exchanges. Warrants may be listed on equity exchanges. Performance Rights and various other instruments are listed on equity exchanges. These publicly traded derivatives provide investors access to risk as well as rewards.Some of the derivative exchanges are Korea Exchange, Eurex, CME Group New York Mercantile Exchange etc. The process of investing in a derivative market works by establishing a situation where one party sells one futures contract while the counterparty purchases a new futures contract. The result of the two transactions effectively produces a position that is considered to be at zero. This approach essentially transfers the bulk of the risk to the counterparty in the arrangement and makes it possible to earn a return by exchanging a long position for a short one.
In Over the Counter (OTC) Derivatives are the contracts which are traded directly between the two parties, without going through an exchange or intermediary. Products like swaps, forward rate agreements etc are traded in this way. It is the largest market for derivatives. Reporting of OTC amounts are difficult because trades occur privately without any exchange. Since OTC derivatives are traded privately without any exchange they are subjected to counterparty risk. The main participants of OTC market are the Investment Banks, Commercial Banks, Government Sponsored Enterprises and Hedge Funds. The investment banks markets the derivatives through traders to the clients like hedge funds and the rest.
Derivative market and Financial Risk
Derivatives play a vital role in managing the risks of both financial and non-financial institutions. In the present world, it has become a rising concern that derivative market operations may destabilize the efficiency of financial markets. In today’s world the companies are using forward contracts, future contracts, options, swaps and other various combinations of derivatives to manage risk and to increase returns in the financial and non-financial firms. The growth of derivatives market has revealed the increasing market demand for risk managing instruments in the economy. But, the major concern is that, the main components of Over the Counter (OTC) derivatives are interest rates and currency swaps. So, the economy will suffer surely if the derivative instruments are misused and if a major fault takes place in derivatives market.
The Derivative Market is the financial market for the derivatives. It is the market where exchange of derivatives takes place. Derivatives are defined as one type of securities whose price is derived from the underlying assets. The underlying assets are stocks, bonds, currencies, market indices etc. Derivatives can also be referred as the contract between two parties. The derivatives can be classified as Future contracts, Forward contracts, Swaps, Option and Credit derivatives.
Types of Derivative Market
The Derivative Market can be classified into 2 types:
i) Exchange Traded Derivative Market
ii) Over the Counter Derivative Market
Exchange Traded Derivatives Markets are the markets where the derivatives are traded through specialized derivative. Over the Counter Derivative Markets are the markets where the derivatives are privately traded between the two parties.
In the Exchange Traded Derivative Market, exchange acts as the main party and intermediary to all related transactions and takes initial margin from both sides of the trade to act as a guarantee. In the process of trading of derivatives actually risk is traded between the two parties. Some types of derivative instruments may trade n traditional exchanges. Hybrid instruments like convertible bonds may be listed on stock or bond exchanges. Warrants may be listed on equity exchanges. Performance Rights and various other instruments are listed on equity exchanges. These publicly traded derivatives provide investors access to risk as well as rewards.Some of the derivative exchanges are Korea Exchange, Eurex, CME Group New York Mercantile Exchange etc. The process of investing in a derivative market works by establishing a situation where one party sells one futures contract while the counterparty purchases a new futures contract. The result of the two transactions effectively produces a position that is considered to be at zero. This approach essentially transfers the bulk of the risk to the counterparty in the arrangement and makes it possible to earn a return by exchanging a long position for a short one.
In Over the Counter (OTC) Derivatives are the contracts which are traded directly between the two parties, without going through an exchange or intermediary. Products like swaps, forward rate agreements etc are traded in this way. It is the largest market for derivatives. Reporting of OTC amounts are difficult because trades occur privately without any exchange. Since OTC derivatives are traded privately without any exchange they are subjected to counterparty risk. The main participants of OTC market are the Investment Banks, Commercial Banks, Government Sponsored Enterprises and Hedge Funds. The investment banks markets the derivatives through traders to the clients like hedge funds and the rest.
Derivative market and Financial Risk
Derivatives play a vital role in managing the risks of both financial and non-financial institutions. In the present world, it has become a rising concern that derivative market operations may destabilize the efficiency of financial markets. In today’s world the companies are using forward contracts, future contracts, options, swaps and other various combinations of derivatives to manage risk and to increase returns in the financial and non-financial firms. The growth of derivatives market has revealed the increasing market demand for risk managing instruments in the economy. But, the major concern is that, the main components of Over the Counter (OTC) derivatives are interest rates and currency swaps. So, the economy will suffer surely if the derivative instruments are misused and if a major fault takes place in derivatives market.
DEBT MARKET
INTRODUCTION
Debt market is a fixed income financial instruments .these type of fixed income instruments that invest in short term bonds, long term bonds, money market funds and other. this type of fund in which are held in the fixed income financial instruments.
Debt market explanation
• Bond market-the market for all types of bonds, whether to exchange or the counter
• It include bills , bonds, notes, CDs,GICs,commercial paper, and banker’s acceptances.
• Instrument-it has a financial security such as a bond,stlock,check,etc. money market securities.
• CD-certificate of deposit short or medium term, interest bearing.
• It placed on a bond ,by placing a debt that restricts the issuing campany .it does not increase its leverage and thus increase the changes of the campany defauiting.can vary in its severity. increase the chances of defaulting.
• That can issue a debt limitation that allows the amount of future debt issued by the debt issued by the company .
• This strategy is usually developed and implemented on outside company or behalf of the debtor.
• Debt market is calculating the ratio.it is conventional to consider both current and non current debt.
• They giving the tax reduction effect of interest payments.payment will be consider on risk and tax issues . and it lead to the heavy interest and principal .
Debt capital divided by total assests. This will tell you how much the company relies on debt to finance assets. When calculating this ratio, it is conventional to consider both current and non-current debt and assets. the lower the company's debt for asset formation, the less risky the company is since excessive debt can lead to a very heavy interest and principal. they are also giving up the tax reduction effect of interest payments.Thus, a company will have to consider both risk and tax issues on an optimal debt ratio.debt means a person or organization funds borrowed. Represented by loan note, bond ,other form repayment terms,owned form specific date
Debt consolidation
• The replacement of multiple loans with a single loan,lower monthly payment and alonger repayment period called consolidation loan.
• The debt market is the market for trading debt securities.
• It contains corporate bond,government bonds, municipal bonds.it includes primary market. Where the debt sold in to the public. it pay money ,deiiver goods,render servive under an express .an oral tnansaction involving one party buying a security from another party.
• That can issue a debt limitation that allows the amount of future debt issued by the debt issued by the company .
• This strategy is usually developed and implemented on outside company or behalf of the debtor.
• Debt market is calculating the ratio.it is conventional to consider both current and non current debt.
They giving the tax reduction effect of interest payments.payment will be consider on risk and tax issues . and it lead to the heavy interest and principal. the lower the company's debt for asset formation, the less risky the company is since excessive debt can lead to a very heavy interest and principal. they are also giving up the tax reduction effect of interest payments.Thus, a company will have to consider both risk and tax issues on an optimal debt ratio.debt
Debt market is a fixed income financial instruments .these type of fixed income instruments that invest in short term bonds, long term bonds, money market funds and other. this type of fund in which are held in the fixed income financial instruments.
Debt market explanation
• Bond market-the market for all types of bonds, whether to exchange or the counter
• It include bills , bonds, notes, CDs,GICs,commercial paper, and banker’s acceptances.
• Instrument-it has a financial security such as a bond,stlock,check,etc. money market securities.
• CD-certificate of deposit short or medium term, interest bearing.
• It placed on a bond ,by placing a debt that restricts the issuing campany .it does not increase its leverage and thus increase the changes of the campany defauiting.can vary in its severity. increase the chances of defaulting.
• That can issue a debt limitation that allows the amount of future debt issued by the debt issued by the company .
• This strategy is usually developed and implemented on outside company or behalf of the debtor.
• Debt market is calculating the ratio.it is conventional to consider both current and non current debt.
• They giving the tax reduction effect of interest payments.payment will be consider on risk and tax issues . and it lead to the heavy interest and principal .
Debt capital divided by total assests. This will tell you how much the company relies on debt to finance assets. When calculating this ratio, it is conventional to consider both current and non-current debt and assets. the lower the company's debt for asset formation, the less risky the company is since excessive debt can lead to a very heavy interest and principal. they are also giving up the tax reduction effect of interest payments.Thus, a company will have to consider both risk and tax issues on an optimal debt ratio.debt means a person or organization funds borrowed. Represented by loan note, bond ,other form repayment terms,owned form specific date
Debt consolidation
• The replacement of multiple loans with a single loan,lower monthly payment and alonger repayment period called consolidation loan.
• The debt market is the market for trading debt securities.
• It contains corporate bond,government bonds, municipal bonds.it includes primary market. Where the debt sold in to the public. it pay money ,deiiver goods,render servive under an express .an oral tnansaction involving one party buying a security from another party.
• That can issue a debt limitation that allows the amount of future debt issued by the debt issued by the company .
• This strategy is usually developed and implemented on outside company or behalf of the debtor.
• Debt market is calculating the ratio.it is conventional to consider both current and non current debt.
They giving the tax reduction effect of interest payments.payment will be consider on risk and tax issues . and it lead to the heavy interest and principal. the lower the company's debt for asset formation, the less risky the company is since excessive debt can lead to a very heavy interest and principal. they are also giving up the tax reduction effect of interest payments.Thus, a company will have to consider both risk and tax issues on an optimal debt ratio.debt
Thursday, September 17, 2009
COMMODITY MARKET RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
Normally commodity market organized traders exchanges in which standardized or graded products are bought and sold.
EXPLANATION
World wide there are 48 major commodities exchanges that trade over 96 commodities that ranging from wheat and cotton to silver and oil. Most trading is done using future contracts that is agreement to deliver goods at set time in the future for price and established at the time of the agreement. Future trading prevents from great loss. For example if a seller may signed to agree his product for a two months at a certain price ,if the cotton market declines at the end of two month he will still get the money as agreed. But if the situation is vice verse, the speculators buying the goods will get profit.
it is needed to regulate this commodity market. An independent US regulatory agency, the commodity future trading commission was developed in 1974 to regulate it.
SOME COMMODITY MARKETES
The Global Grain Trading Industry
World Commodity Forecasts Food Feedstuffs and Beverages
Corn Farming in the Us
COMMODITY MARKET EXCHANGES IN INDIA
India has a long history of futures trading in commodities. In India it has been in existence from nineteenth century with trading in cotton through the establishment of Bombay Cotton Trade Association Ltd in 1875.
COMMODITIES WHICH ARE SUITABLE FOR FUTURE TRADING
Here discussed the key factors that, the decide the suitability of commodities for the future trading
1. Commodity should be competitive
2. There should fluctuations in price
3. Free from substantial government control
4. Commodity should have long shelf life and be capable of standardization and gradation
PROBLEMS FACED BY COMMODITY MARKET IN INDIA
The main problems are octroi duty, logistics. If there is a broker in Mumbai and a broker in Bangalore, transportation cost, logistics prevent trading to takes place
CONCLUSION
Commodity market is poised to play an important role of price discovery and risk management of agriculture and other sectors in the supply chain. .New issues and problems will surface as the market evolves.
Normally commodity market organized traders exchanges in which standardized or graded products are bought and sold.
EXPLANATION
World wide there are 48 major commodities exchanges that trade over 96 commodities that ranging from wheat and cotton to silver and oil. Most trading is done using future contracts that is agreement to deliver goods at set time in the future for price and established at the time of the agreement. Future trading prevents from great loss. For example if a seller may signed to agree his product for a two months at a certain price ,if the cotton market declines at the end of two month he will still get the money as agreed. But if the situation is vice verse, the speculators buying the goods will get profit.
it is needed to regulate this commodity market. An independent US regulatory agency, the commodity future trading commission was developed in 1974 to regulate it.
SOME COMMODITY MARKETES
The Global Grain Trading Industry
World Commodity Forecasts Food Feedstuffs and Beverages
Corn Farming in the Us
COMMODITY MARKET EXCHANGES IN INDIA
India has a long history of futures trading in commodities. In India it has been in existence from nineteenth century with trading in cotton through the establishment of Bombay Cotton Trade Association Ltd in 1875.
COMMODITIES WHICH ARE SUITABLE FOR FUTURE TRADING
Here discussed the key factors that, the decide the suitability of commodities for the future trading
1. Commodity should be competitive
2. There should fluctuations in price
3. Free from substantial government control
4. Commodity should have long shelf life and be capable of standardization and gradation
PROBLEMS FACED BY COMMODITY MARKET IN INDIA
The main problems are octroi duty, logistics. If there is a broker in Mumbai and a broker in Bangalore, transportation cost, logistics prevent trading to takes place
CONCLUSION
Commodity market is poised to play an important role of price discovery and risk management of agriculture and other sectors in the supply chain. .New issues and problems will surface as the market evolves.
MCA VS B.Tech
There will be not very much difference in MCA and B.tech in computer science .there will probably slightly changes in semester or exam but there is not so big difference in study .Now the company are want just certificate for interview not for any other work .
Once you get the job in the company all are same . company are see your experience and how to do the work if you show better performance you get the better salary from any other .So now a days certificate will be required for interview and experience will be required for good salary and another thing is most important that whatever you study either it will B.tech or MCA mindfully study if you mindfully read you can get good job.
Once you get the job you can increase your experience
But in MCA and in B.tech there will much importance in MCA because I think that mca is a master degree course and btech is a graduation so mca certificate is more importance then b tech
Well both are different degree first one is mca in this you will work on many computer application . So there is no no equvalance among two . BE./B.tech can be done on many streams lide electric and computer science…. Etc. whereas MCA is a 2 year post gradustion degree in comprter applications . Checkout more about b.tech on niitrniversity.in
MCA myself I would like to advise you that definitely BCA+MCA course will take 6 years to complete and b.tech will take 4 years to complete and both of the courses will have almost same kind of syllabus and will provide the same knowledge.
And in the post graduate employ get most importance from other employs due to post graduate course and there
And in comparison to MCA and in B.tech there will be time save in b .tech because b tech is 4 course
Once you get the job in the company all are same . company are see your experience and how to do the work if you show better performance you get the better salary from any other .So now a days certificate will be required for interview and experience will be required for good salary and another thing is most important that whatever you study either it will B.tech or MCA mindfully study if you mindfully read you can get good job.
Once you get the job you can increase your experience
But in MCA and in B.tech there will much importance in MCA because I think that mca is a master degree course and btech is a graduation so mca certificate is more importance then b tech
Well both are different degree first one is mca in this you will work on many computer application . So there is no no equvalance among two . BE./B.tech can be done on many streams lide electric and computer science…. Etc. whereas MCA is a 2 year post gradustion degree in comprter applications . Checkout more about b.tech on niitrniversity.in
MCA myself I would like to advise you that definitely BCA+MCA course will take 6 years to complete and b.tech will take 4 years to complete and both of the courses will have almost same kind of syllabus and will provide the same knowledge.
And in the post graduate employ get most importance from other employs due to post graduate course and there
And in comparison to MCA and in B.tech there will be time save in b .tech because b tech is 4 course
MUTUAL FUNDS
INTRODUCTION
According to Investment Company Act of 1940, mutual funds are investments done by many investors who want to invest money in many business sectors indirectly. Mutual funds are always dwelt by third parties. Mutual fund is just like the connecting bridge or a financial intermediary that helps investors to pool their money together with a well defined investment objective goal. Mutual funds are assumed to be one of the best available investments when compared to others as they are cost efficient and also easy to invest in and helps investors to purchase stocks or bonds with much lower prices.
Description
In mutual fund they will have a fund manager who will be held responsible for investing the gathered money into specific securities like (stocks or bonds). When we want to invest in a mutual fund, we will be buying units or portions of that mutual fund and thus investor becomes a shareholder that fund. There are three different kinds of mutual funds which will help the investor to improve their shares accordingly. They are
1. Open-ended funds: This means having the facility to withdraw the investments made by the investors at any point of time.
2. Closed ended funds: This means the investors keep their investments in that particular fund for a certain period of time.
3. No load fund
An investor who wants to invest in mutual funds will have has many questions left unanswered before him. Starting with the basic one like the difference between mutual fund and stock, risk factors, time of redemption and many more.
Here's an overview answer to these questions.
Firstly Difference between stocks and mutual funds: when we invest in stocks it means we are purchasing the shares offered in a prospective company. We get more profits if the company success rate is high but if it fails the the investor might incur losses. But In the case of a mutual fund investor’s money is invested in a group of stocks, bonds, and securities. This is known as fund portfolio. Here if one stock fails to perform well, then the other well performing stocks will compensate for the losses and also get the investors a good profit.
Secondly when to redeem mutual fund? Generally, most of the mutual fund shares are 'redeemable', which means that an investor can sell his shares back to the fund. In the fund prospectus which will be provided at the time of buying will have the details about redemption of fund shares which includes the exit load or redemption charges that the investor will pay for exiting the fund.
Thirdly about Tax consequences: Usually, the investors are supposed to pay income tax to the government each year on the dividends or interest which they receive on their mutual funds. However, the investors will not pay any capital gains tax until they actually sell and make a profit. Sometimes they may be exempted from paying tax for some bond funds. The investor will have to pay the capital gains tax when he sells the funds which he owns and make a profit.
Some drawbacks of mutual funds Like any other investment mutual funds has its own share of risks. It is always better to invest in a mutual fund which will serve specific investment purpose like meeting the expenses for the child's education, or saving for retirement etc.
According to Investment Company Act of 1940, mutual funds are investments done by many investors who want to invest money in many business sectors indirectly. Mutual funds are always dwelt by third parties. Mutual fund is just like the connecting bridge or a financial intermediary that helps investors to pool their money together with a well defined investment objective goal. Mutual funds are assumed to be one of the best available investments when compared to others as they are cost efficient and also easy to invest in and helps investors to purchase stocks or bonds with much lower prices.
Description
In mutual fund they will have a fund manager who will be held responsible for investing the gathered money into specific securities like (stocks or bonds). When we want to invest in a mutual fund, we will be buying units or portions of that mutual fund and thus investor becomes a shareholder that fund. There are three different kinds of mutual funds which will help the investor to improve their shares accordingly. They are
1. Open-ended funds: This means having the facility to withdraw the investments made by the investors at any point of time.
2. Closed ended funds: This means the investors keep their investments in that particular fund for a certain period of time.
3. No load fund
An investor who wants to invest in mutual funds will have has many questions left unanswered before him. Starting with the basic one like the difference between mutual fund and stock, risk factors, time of redemption and many more.
Here's an overview answer to these questions.
Firstly Difference between stocks and mutual funds: when we invest in stocks it means we are purchasing the shares offered in a prospective company. We get more profits if the company success rate is high but if it fails the the investor might incur losses. But In the case of a mutual fund investor’s money is invested in a group of stocks, bonds, and securities. This is known as fund portfolio. Here if one stock fails to perform well, then the other well performing stocks will compensate for the losses and also get the investors a good profit.
Secondly when to redeem mutual fund? Generally, most of the mutual fund shares are 'redeemable', which means that an investor can sell his shares back to the fund. In the fund prospectus which will be provided at the time of buying will have the details about redemption of fund shares which includes the exit load or redemption charges that the investor will pay for exiting the fund.
Thirdly about Tax consequences: Usually, the investors are supposed to pay income tax to the government each year on the dividends or interest which they receive on their mutual funds. However, the investors will not pay any capital gains tax until they actually sell and make a profit. Sometimes they may be exempted from paying tax for some bond funds. The investor will have to pay the capital gains tax when he sells the funds which he owns and make a profit.
Some drawbacks of mutual funds Like any other investment mutual funds has its own share of risks. It is always better to invest in a mutual fund which will serve specific investment purpose like meeting the expenses for the child's education, or saving for retirement etc.
GLOBAL MARKETING
INTRODUCTION:
The term “Global Marketing” means the marketing strategy that was planned by the company to sell the products or services in the same way everywhere in the world. Here the company addresses to the global customers and markets. This document gives a clear Idea about the complexity involved in global marketing. It also gives a clear idea about the different types of export documents required in global marketing.
EXPLINATION:
Global market is a place where a company can sell their products or services to the customers of different countries. While entering into the global marketing the company has to consider some important points.
They are:
1. Market size
2. Buyers behavior
3. Marketing practices
4. Tax structure and peace
To succeed in global marketing the company has to review about the advantages, Economic trends and demographic conditions. The companies have to consider their geographical conditions too while entering into the global markets. While entering the organization into global market it has to decide to which extent it wants to enter into the international markets. The firm can be for domestic purposes only or to the home country or to the global oriented development. The firm has to consider about the size of the global market because if the competition is less then the firm can fix the price in such a way that most people can afford the price while buying the product. The firm also considers the buyers preference while expanding the firm to internationally because the taste of the people of one country is different with another country. So the company has to produce the product according to the buyer’s preference. The firm also consider about the tax structure that is being imposed by the country. Some countries are opening for global markets by lowering their tax structures so the company has to keep a view on the tax imposing on the product by the host country. After considering all these points the company can decide the expansion of the company to which countries and according to that they can develop the products.
Risks involved in the markets of host countries:
The markets in developing countries will be at high risk when compared to the markets at developed countries. The markets in developed countries will be in stable position where as the markets in developing countries varies due to many factors like transportation, technology, convertibility of currency, stable banking etc.Even the politics in those countries play an important effect on the markets compared to developed countries. As a result of these the company that has experienced a high growth rate for many years can also lower their growth rates suddenly.
At some point of time the company has to consider to which countries the firm has to improve as there are many countries in the world. As stated earlier the companies will look over the countries that are providing a low tax rates on the goods and additional opportunities provided by the country.
A global market strategy represents the common marketing principles that can be applied to marketing conditions in most countries. The company looks the global market as one rather than seeing of country-by-country markets.
A firm has two options in carrying out the export options they are exporting the product either directly under the firms control or indirectly under the firm’s control. The Company can export the product in either of the ways. While exporting the product the documents required are explained below.
Export documents required:
While exporting the products into the global markets the companies has to produce the export documents, international contracts and the trade of the product. In the export transaction the shipping documents are very important. The shipping documents consist of the bill of lading, the marine insurance policy and the invoice. If the payment of shipping is done through bankers documentary credit the two more documents has to be submitted while exporting the product. The two additional documents are the contract of the bank with the buyer as well as with the seller.
After fulfilling the necessary documents there will be a pre shipment inspection done by agency or the appointed body. After completion of this the product will be packed and labeled. Thus a confirmation will be done and the product will be exported to the host country.
Fixing the price of the product:
While fixing the price of the product the company has to consider all the costs involved in developing the product, the costs incurred in exporting the product, the taxes incurred by the government’s etc. thus after considering all these costs the price of the commodity is fixed by the company and it is sold in the host country. The company should also consider the costs of the same products available in the markets. The company has to fix the price based on all these strategies and the price should be in such a way that it should be less when compared to other products available in the market and it should bring profits to the company and the goals has to be reached.
Summary:
Global marketing is the process of focusing on the resources available in the firm to expand the company to globally in order to achieve the goals by applying the long term and short term goals developed based on the resources available.
The term “Global Marketing” means the marketing strategy that was planned by the company to sell the products or services in the same way everywhere in the world. Here the company addresses to the global customers and markets. This document gives a clear Idea about the complexity involved in global marketing. It also gives a clear idea about the different types of export documents required in global marketing.
EXPLINATION:
Global market is a place where a company can sell their products or services to the customers of different countries. While entering into the global marketing the company has to consider some important points.
They are:
1. Market size
2. Buyers behavior
3. Marketing practices
4. Tax structure and peace
To succeed in global marketing the company has to review about the advantages, Economic trends and demographic conditions. The companies have to consider their geographical conditions too while entering into the global markets. While entering the organization into global market it has to decide to which extent it wants to enter into the international markets. The firm can be for domestic purposes only or to the home country or to the global oriented development. The firm has to consider about the size of the global market because if the competition is less then the firm can fix the price in such a way that most people can afford the price while buying the product. The firm also considers the buyers preference while expanding the firm to internationally because the taste of the people of one country is different with another country. So the company has to produce the product according to the buyer’s preference. The firm also consider about the tax structure that is being imposed by the country. Some countries are opening for global markets by lowering their tax structures so the company has to keep a view on the tax imposing on the product by the host country. After considering all these points the company can decide the expansion of the company to which countries and according to that they can develop the products.
Risks involved in the markets of host countries:
The markets in developing countries will be at high risk when compared to the markets at developed countries. The markets in developed countries will be in stable position where as the markets in developing countries varies due to many factors like transportation, technology, convertibility of currency, stable banking etc.Even the politics in those countries play an important effect on the markets compared to developed countries. As a result of these the company that has experienced a high growth rate for many years can also lower their growth rates suddenly.
At some point of time the company has to consider to which countries the firm has to improve as there are many countries in the world. As stated earlier the companies will look over the countries that are providing a low tax rates on the goods and additional opportunities provided by the country.
A global market strategy represents the common marketing principles that can be applied to marketing conditions in most countries. The company looks the global market as one rather than seeing of country-by-country markets.
A firm has two options in carrying out the export options they are exporting the product either directly under the firms control or indirectly under the firm’s control. The Company can export the product in either of the ways. While exporting the product the documents required are explained below.
Export documents required:
While exporting the products into the global markets the companies has to produce the export documents, international contracts and the trade of the product. In the export transaction the shipping documents are very important. The shipping documents consist of the bill of lading, the marine insurance policy and the invoice. If the payment of shipping is done through bankers documentary credit the two more documents has to be submitted while exporting the product. The two additional documents are the contract of the bank with the buyer as well as with the seller.
After fulfilling the necessary documents there will be a pre shipment inspection done by agency or the appointed body. After completion of this the product will be packed and labeled. Thus a confirmation will be done and the product will be exported to the host country.
Fixing the price of the product:
While fixing the price of the product the company has to consider all the costs involved in developing the product, the costs incurred in exporting the product, the taxes incurred by the government’s etc. thus after considering all these costs the price of the commodity is fixed by the company and it is sold in the host country. The company should also consider the costs of the same products available in the markets. The company has to fix the price based on all these strategies and the price should be in such a way that it should be less when compared to other products available in the market and it should bring profits to the company and the goals has to be reached.
Summary:
Global marketing is the process of focusing on the resources available in the firm to expand the company to globally in order to achieve the goals by applying the long term and short term goals developed based on the resources available.
DOCUMENT FOR STOCK EXCHANCE MARKET
Introduction
Young people are becoming more ambitious nowadays. With the onset of new technology and higher living standards, the younger generation is now also thinking about investing in the stock exchange market. Likewise, older men are venturing into stock exchange as preparation for retirement. The following document discusses you about Finance & stock Market.
Table of contents
About stock exchange 1
Stock exchange Procedure 1
Advantage of stock exchange 2
To get listed in the exchange 2
To manage investments 2
About stock exchange
The exchange is where stocks and securities are being traded among traders and stock brokers. There used to be a specific location where investment records are kept and trade was done. However nowadays, trade can already be done through electronic technology which saves more time and fees for transactions. Unlike common markets where money and commodities are exchanged, the exchange includes other fiscal products and security deals like company shares, fiscal bonds, unit trusts, stocks, contracts and derivatives to name some.
Stock exchange Procedure
Before any stock or security can be traded, it has to be listed in the index first. After that, a new stock or security will be issued in the primary market. The system used to sell new issues is called underwriting and the selling of the new issues is called as the Initial Public Offering (IPO).
All new issues go through initial selling in the primary market. After which it goes to the secondary market. Buying and selling of stocks and other financial products happens in the secondary market.
Advantage of stock exchange
The stock exchange is more vital to the businessmen owning companies and corporations. Opening a company for public investment allows more capital to go in the company in order to allow expansions and other improvements. Expansions could go from new products, put up branches in more locations or venture into other line of business that might widen the range of business. When business become profitable stock investors may be able to earn from capital gains, how much still depends on stock prices and dividends.
Stock exchange is also advantageous to small investors as they could invest in already big companies. Small investors can start with as little as they can and eventually, with more expertise in trade, go up the ladder to becoming a huge investor in big corporations.
To get listed in the exchange
Stock exchanges have different listing requirements. There must be a minimum number and cost of shares. Capital and/or company's profit for a certain number of years is also required. An example is for the New York Stock Exchange: A company must issue a million shares of stock worth $100 million at least and must have a profit of more than $10 million for the last three years.
To manage investments
Managing investments is not an easy job. Thorough research on the movement of market trends should be done. Buying and selling strategies are also employed as well as timing is crucial. There is no one way to manage investments in the stock exchange. It will largely depend on several types of accounts and personal goals. It is recommended to ask for advice from stock brokers especially those who are quite beginners in investing. Not to say that experts do not need advice. It is vital to understand that wise decision-making is needed in investments in order to gain more profit than losses.
Young people are becoming more ambitious nowadays. With the onset of new technology and higher living standards, the younger generation is now also thinking about investing in the stock exchange market. Likewise, older men are venturing into stock exchange as preparation for retirement. The following document discusses you about Finance & stock Market.
Table of contents
About stock exchange 1
Stock exchange Procedure 1
Advantage of stock exchange 2
To get listed in the exchange 2
To manage investments 2
About stock exchange
The exchange is where stocks and securities are being traded among traders and stock brokers. There used to be a specific location where investment records are kept and trade was done. However nowadays, trade can already be done through electronic technology which saves more time and fees for transactions. Unlike common markets where money and commodities are exchanged, the exchange includes other fiscal products and security deals like company shares, fiscal bonds, unit trusts, stocks, contracts and derivatives to name some.
Stock exchange Procedure
Before any stock or security can be traded, it has to be listed in the index first. After that, a new stock or security will be issued in the primary market. The system used to sell new issues is called underwriting and the selling of the new issues is called as the Initial Public Offering (IPO).
All new issues go through initial selling in the primary market. After which it goes to the secondary market. Buying and selling of stocks and other financial products happens in the secondary market.
Advantage of stock exchange
The stock exchange is more vital to the businessmen owning companies and corporations. Opening a company for public investment allows more capital to go in the company in order to allow expansions and other improvements. Expansions could go from new products, put up branches in more locations or venture into other line of business that might widen the range of business. When business become profitable stock investors may be able to earn from capital gains, how much still depends on stock prices and dividends.
Stock exchange is also advantageous to small investors as they could invest in already big companies. Small investors can start with as little as they can and eventually, with more expertise in trade, go up the ladder to becoming a huge investor in big corporations.
To get listed in the exchange
Stock exchanges have different listing requirements. There must be a minimum number and cost of shares. Capital and/or company's profit for a certain number of years is also required. An example is for the New York Stock Exchange: A company must issue a million shares of stock worth $100 million at least and must have a profit of more than $10 million for the last three years.
To manage investments
Managing investments is not an easy job. Thorough research on the movement of market trends should be done. Buying and selling strategies are also employed as well as timing is crucial. There is no one way to manage investments in the stock exchange. It will largely depend on several types of accounts and personal goals. It is recommended to ask for advice from stock brokers especially those who are quite beginners in investing. Not to say that experts do not need advice. It is vital to understand that wise decision-making is needed in investments in order to gain more profit than losses.
Finance And Stock marketing
Intorduction:
Finance is the science of funds management. The finance has some general aspects in public services those are the areas of finance in business finance, personal finance, and public finance. Finance includes saving money and often includes lending money. The money that deals is called finance it has some of the fields that deals with the concepts of time, money and risk and how they are interrelated and also how money is spent and budgeted.
A stock market is a public market for the trading of company. Thus stock and derivatives are the main trading in stock market, at an agreed price. The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities of a corporation. The stock in India or any other that may have to deal wit the organization hence the mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing, buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. So these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.
Explanation:
In finance we take example as bank, we take some of the best aspects that banks dealers do, the main facilitators of funding through the provision of credit, although private equity, mutual funds, hedge funds, and others organizations have become important. Thus they invest in various forms of debt. Some of the assets that known to the finance area that increase or decrease the conditions of its aspects hence Financial assets, known as investments, they are financially managed with Banks are the main facilitators of funding through the provision of credit, although private equity, mutual funds, hedge funds, and other organizations have become important.
Finance works most basically through individuals and business organizations depositing money in a bank. The bank then lends the money in as well as out to other individuals or corporations for consumption. Hence the investment, and charges interest on the loans are easier in banks they usually do in a systematic order due to the procedure they had developed, they organize systematically that produce very good result in the banks procedure. As they invest in various forms of debt. Financial assets, known as investments, are financially managed with careful attention to financial risk management to control financial risk. Careful attention is needed to financial risk management and to control the financial risk.
Main article of the Financed services in a bank is to aggregate the activities of many borrowers and lenders. The procedure of the bank using ATM or the cash deposit and withdrawal hence a bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays the interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity. Banks are thus compensators of money flows in space. Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance), as well as by a wide variety of organizations including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments and methodologies, with consideration to their institutional setting.
Now we see the main techniques and sectors of the financial industry, Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management. Without proper financial planning a new enterprise is unlikely to be successful. Managing money (a liquid asset) is essential to ensure a secure future, both for the individual and an organization. A specific example of corporate finance is the sale of stock by a company to institutional investors like investment banks, who in turn generally sell it to the public. Central banks act as lenders of last resort and control the money supply, which affects the interest rates charged. As money supply increases, interest rates decrease
The stock market is one of the most important sources for companies to raise money. This allows businesses to be publicly traded, or raise additional capital for expansion by selling shares of ownership of the company in a public market. The liquidity that an exchange provides affords investors the ability to quickly and easily sell securities. This is an attractive feature of investing in stocks, compared to other less liquid investments such as real estate.
Stock marketing is the derivative technique used in the market as now we discuss about the values in stock market. The value of the derivatives market, because it is stated in terms of notional values, cannot be directly compared to a stock or a fixed income security, which traditionally refers to an actual value. Moreover, the vast majority of derivatives 'cancel' each other out that is a derivative 'bet' on an event occurring is offset by a comparable derivative 'bet' on the event not occurring Many such relatively illiquid securities are valued as marked to model, rather than an actual market price.
Using stock we can expand in the business area this process is known as "equity financing". Equity financing mixed with the sale of bonds is called the company's capital structure. The purpose of a stock exchange is to facilitate the exchange of securities between buyers and sellers, thus providing a marketplace (virtual or real). The exchanges provide real-time trading information on the listed securities, facilitating price discovery. Participants in the stock market range from small individual stock investors to large hedge fund traders, who can be based anywhere. Their orders usually end up with a professional at a stock exchange, who executes the order.
An entity whose income exceeds their expenditure can lend or invest the excess income. On the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower, a financial intermediary such as a bank, or buy notes or bonds in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary pockets the difference. Now that computers have eliminated the need for trading floors like the Big Board's, the balance of power in equity markets is shifting. By bringing more orders in-house, where clients can move big blocks of stock.
The smooth functioning of all these activities facilitates economic growth in that lower costs and enterprise risks promote the production of goods and services as well as employment. In this way the financial system contributes to increased prosperity. An important aspect of modern financial markets, however, including the stock markets, is absolute discretion. For example, in the USA stock markets
The history tells the rising(increase) or falling(decreases) sequence. History has shown that the price of shares and other assets is an important part of the dynamics of economic activity, and can influence or be an indicator of social mood. An economy where the stock market is on the rise is considered to be an up and coming economy. In fact, the stock market is often considered the primary indicator of a country's economic strength and development. Rising share prices, for instance, tend to be associated with increased business investment and vice versa. Share prices also affect the wealth of households and their consumption. Therefore, central banks tend to keep an eye on the control and behavior of the stock market and, in general, on the smooth operation of financial system functions. Financial stability is the raison d'être of central banks.
Conclusion:
Relation of the stock market to the modern financial system:
The financial system in most western countries has undergone a remarkable transformation. One feature of this development is disintermediation. The stock market, individual investors, and financial risk. The trend towards forms of saving with a higher risk has been accentuated by new rules for most funds and insurance, permitting a higher proportion of shares to bonds. Similar tendencies are to be found in other industrialized countries. In all developed economic systems, such as the European Union, the United States, Japan and other developed nations, the trend has been the same: saving has moved away from traditional (government insured) bank deposits to more risky securities of one sort or another. A portion of the funds involved in saving and financing flows directly to the financial markets instead of being routed via the traditional bank lending and deposit operations. The general public's heightened interest in investing in the stock market, either directly or through mutual funds, has been an important component of this process
From experience we know that investors may 'temporarily' move financial prices away from their long term aggregate price 'trends'. Positive or up trends are referred to as bull markets; negative or down trends are referred to as bear markets. Riskier long-term saving requires that an individual possess the ability to manage the associated increased risks.
Stock prices fluctuate widely, in marked contrast to the stability of government insured bank deposits or bonds. This is something that could affect not only the individual investor or household, but also the economy on a large scale. The following deals with some of the risks of the financial sector in general and the stock market in particular. This is certainly more important now that so many newcomers have entered the stock market, or have acquired other risky investments. Another phenomenon also from psychology that works against an objective assessment is group thinking. As social animals, it is not easy to stick to an opinion that differs markedly from that of a majority of the group. The probabilities are known and largely independent of the investment decisions of the different players. In times of market stress, however, the game becomes more like poker. The players now must give heavy weight to the psychology of other investors and how they are likely to react psychologically.
Sometimes the market seems to react irrationally to economic or financial news, even if that news is likely to have no real effect on the technical value of securities itself. But this may be more apparent than real, since often such news has been anticipated, and a counter reaction may occur if the news is better or worse than expected. Hence these are views of the finance and stock marketing.
Finance is the science of funds management. The finance has some general aspects in public services those are the areas of finance in business finance, personal finance, and public finance. Finance includes saving money and often includes lending money. The money that deals is called finance it has some of the fields that deals with the concepts of time, money and risk and how they are interrelated and also how money is spent and budgeted.
A stock market is a public market for the trading of company. Thus stock and derivatives are the main trading in stock market, at an agreed price. The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities of a corporation. The stock in India or any other that may have to deal wit the organization hence the mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing, buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. So these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.
Explanation:
In finance we take example as bank, we take some of the best aspects that banks dealers do, the main facilitators of funding through the provision of credit, although private equity, mutual funds, hedge funds, and others organizations have become important. Thus they invest in various forms of debt. Some of the assets that known to the finance area that increase or decrease the conditions of its aspects hence Financial assets, known as investments, they are financially managed with Banks are the main facilitators of funding through the provision of credit, although private equity, mutual funds, hedge funds, and other organizations have become important.
Finance works most basically through individuals and business organizations depositing money in a bank. The bank then lends the money in as well as out to other individuals or corporations for consumption. Hence the investment, and charges interest on the loans are easier in banks they usually do in a systematic order due to the procedure they had developed, they organize systematically that produce very good result in the banks procedure. As they invest in various forms of debt. Financial assets, known as investments, are financially managed with careful attention to financial risk management to control financial risk. Careful attention is needed to financial risk management and to control the financial risk.
Main article of the Financed services in a bank is to aggregate the activities of many borrowers and lenders. The procedure of the bank using ATM or the cash deposit and withdrawal hence a bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays the interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity. Banks are thus compensators of money flows in space. Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance), as well as by a wide variety of organizations including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments and methodologies, with consideration to their institutional setting.
Now we see the main techniques and sectors of the financial industry, Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management. Without proper financial planning a new enterprise is unlikely to be successful. Managing money (a liquid asset) is essential to ensure a secure future, both for the individual and an organization. A specific example of corporate finance is the sale of stock by a company to institutional investors like investment banks, who in turn generally sell it to the public. Central banks act as lenders of last resort and control the money supply, which affects the interest rates charged. As money supply increases, interest rates decrease
The stock market is one of the most important sources for companies to raise money. This allows businesses to be publicly traded, or raise additional capital for expansion by selling shares of ownership of the company in a public market. The liquidity that an exchange provides affords investors the ability to quickly and easily sell securities. This is an attractive feature of investing in stocks, compared to other less liquid investments such as real estate.
Stock marketing is the derivative technique used in the market as now we discuss about the values in stock market. The value of the derivatives market, because it is stated in terms of notional values, cannot be directly compared to a stock or a fixed income security, which traditionally refers to an actual value. Moreover, the vast majority of derivatives 'cancel' each other out that is a derivative 'bet' on an event occurring is offset by a comparable derivative 'bet' on the event not occurring Many such relatively illiquid securities are valued as marked to model, rather than an actual market price.
Using stock we can expand in the business area this process is known as "equity financing". Equity financing mixed with the sale of bonds is called the company's capital structure. The purpose of a stock exchange is to facilitate the exchange of securities between buyers and sellers, thus providing a marketplace (virtual or real). The exchanges provide real-time trading information on the listed securities, facilitating price discovery. Participants in the stock market range from small individual stock investors to large hedge fund traders, who can be based anywhere. Their orders usually end up with a professional at a stock exchange, who executes the order.
An entity whose income exceeds their expenditure can lend or invest the excess income. On the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower, a financial intermediary such as a bank, or buy notes or bonds in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary pockets the difference. Now that computers have eliminated the need for trading floors like the Big Board's, the balance of power in equity markets is shifting. By bringing more orders in-house, where clients can move big blocks of stock.
The smooth functioning of all these activities facilitates economic growth in that lower costs and enterprise risks promote the production of goods and services as well as employment. In this way the financial system contributes to increased prosperity. An important aspect of modern financial markets, however, including the stock markets, is absolute discretion. For example, in the USA stock markets
The history tells the rising(increase) or falling(decreases) sequence. History has shown that the price of shares and other assets is an important part of the dynamics of economic activity, and can influence or be an indicator of social mood. An economy where the stock market is on the rise is considered to be an up and coming economy. In fact, the stock market is often considered the primary indicator of a country's economic strength and development. Rising share prices, for instance, tend to be associated with increased business investment and vice versa. Share prices also affect the wealth of households and their consumption. Therefore, central banks tend to keep an eye on the control and behavior of the stock market and, in general, on the smooth operation of financial system functions. Financial stability is the raison d'être of central banks.
Conclusion:
Relation of the stock market to the modern financial system:
The financial system in most western countries has undergone a remarkable transformation. One feature of this development is disintermediation. The stock market, individual investors, and financial risk. The trend towards forms of saving with a higher risk has been accentuated by new rules for most funds and insurance, permitting a higher proportion of shares to bonds. Similar tendencies are to be found in other industrialized countries. In all developed economic systems, such as the European Union, the United States, Japan and other developed nations, the trend has been the same: saving has moved away from traditional (government insured) bank deposits to more risky securities of one sort or another. A portion of the funds involved in saving and financing flows directly to the financial markets instead of being routed via the traditional bank lending and deposit operations. The general public's heightened interest in investing in the stock market, either directly or through mutual funds, has been an important component of this process
From experience we know that investors may 'temporarily' move financial prices away from their long term aggregate price 'trends'. Positive or up trends are referred to as bull markets; negative or down trends are referred to as bear markets. Riskier long-term saving requires that an individual possess the ability to manage the associated increased risks.
Stock prices fluctuate widely, in marked contrast to the stability of government insured bank deposits or bonds. This is something that could affect not only the individual investor or household, but also the economy on a large scale. The following deals with some of the risks of the financial sector in general and the stock market in particular. This is certainly more important now that so many newcomers have entered the stock market, or have acquired other risky investments. Another phenomenon also from psychology that works against an objective assessment is group thinking. As social animals, it is not easy to stick to an opinion that differs markedly from that of a majority of the group. The probabilities are known and largely independent of the investment decisions of the different players. In times of market stress, however, the game becomes more like poker. The players now must give heavy weight to the psychology of other investors and how they are likely to react psychologically.
Sometimes the market seems to react irrationally to economic or financial news, even if that news is likely to have no real effect on the technical value of securities itself. But this may be more apparent than real, since often such news has been anticipated, and a counter reaction may occur if the news is better or worse than expected. Hence these are views of the finance and stock marketing.
Wednesday, September 16, 2009
JEWELLERY FINDING MACHINES
Jewellery is an item of personal adornment, such as a necklace, ring, brooch or bracelet that is worn by a person. The machines that manufacture jewellery must be operated under normal conditions, they must have precise cost and must yield better performance with good mileage, and they must be highly purity, durable, reliable, credible and pre-qualified machines. Products must be manufactured with beautiful appearance under convenient operation system. These machines must be upgraded with recent Engineering and Technological grades with new features, provided with the maintenance cost must be low.
However, there are different machines that manufacture jewelleries. They are as follows,
• YAG spot laser welding machine is especially suited for welding and repairing of jewellery.
• Jewellery Chain making Machines are like Italian machines with features including variable speed motors and carbide toolings without extra cost.
• Bismark Welding Machine.
• Bombatto Chain Making Machine.
• Round Box Chain Making Machine.
• Hammering machine.
• Diamond Cutting Machine for Chains.
• Subminiature Ultrasonic Cleaning Machines.
• Semiconductor Laser Marking Machine.
After finding some of the jewellery machines, we come across companies that manufacture jewellery.So here are some of the companies that manufacture jewellery machines.
• GB Meccanica - It is a leading company in gold smithery involved in the production and marketing of jewelry machines.
• ACME International -It is a leading exporter of Jewellery Machine and Jewellery Tools.
• Citizen Scales Pvt Ltd -It is recognized as one of certified in Jewellery machinery manufacturers and exporters from India.
• Machine Tool Traders -It is a leading name in gold jewelry making industry which includes a huge selection jewellery Rolling Mills.
Finally, we come to know about some of the jewellery machines and the companies that manufacture jewellery machines.
However, there are different machines that manufacture jewelleries. They are as follows,
• YAG spot laser welding machine is especially suited for welding and repairing of jewellery.
• Jewellery Chain making Machines are like Italian machines with features including variable speed motors and carbide toolings without extra cost.
• Bismark Welding Machine.
• Bombatto Chain Making Machine.
• Round Box Chain Making Machine.
• Hammering machine.
• Diamond Cutting Machine for Chains.
• Subminiature Ultrasonic Cleaning Machines.
• Semiconductor Laser Marking Machine.
After finding some of the jewellery machines, we come across companies that manufacture jewellery.So here are some of the companies that manufacture jewellery machines.
• GB Meccanica - It is a leading company in gold smithery involved in the production and marketing of jewelry machines.
• ACME International -It is a leading exporter of Jewellery Machine and Jewellery Tools.
• Citizen Scales Pvt Ltd -It is recognized as one of certified in Jewellery machinery manufacturers and exporters from India.
• Machine Tool Traders -It is a leading name in gold jewelry making industry which includes a huge selection jewellery Rolling Mills.
Finally, we come to know about some of the jewellery machines and the companies that manufacture jewellery machines.
BEADING SUPPLIERS FOR JEWELERY DESIGN SHOPS
INTRODUCTION
What is beading
Beadwork is the art or craft of attaching beads to one another or to cloth, usually by the use of a needle and thread.
Most beadwork takes the form o jewelry or other personal adornment, but beads are also used in wall hangings and sculpture.
Different types of beads in making jewelry are as follows
• Beads for craft and beadwork,
• semi-precious gemstone beads,
• glass beads,
• swaroyski crystal beads,
• seed beads,
• delica beads,
• Silver beads.
How beads are classified
Beads are categorized by material, then by shape and size. Variety of price points with all beads so that we can find the ones that meet your budget and design criteria.
Beading suppliers for jewelery
Beading supplies include jewelry making tools, bead storage products and beadings books.beading tools are arranged in several categories to make it easy. they are as follows
Pliers and cutters in this we use crimping tool it is designed to crimp spacer or crimp beads. Lower position look. Leaves a smooth, round bead and eliminates sharp edges that can result from using conventional methods.
Next is beading tools it is specially made to make beading tasks a breeze.knooting tool is used in beading tools. If we do a lot of knotting between your pearls, we may want to consider using this tool. It can also help if we are having trouble getting evenly spaced and shaped knots in your jewelry. The tool comes with instructions within the card shown. we don't have to save it only for pearls, though. It can be used with any valuable beads where we want prevent beads scattering if the string breaks. Knotting between beads also prevents beads from rubbing against each other, preserving their appearance.
Next is Needles in needles we use Big eye needle kit this used topass through the holes in the pearls
What is beading
Beadwork is the art or craft of attaching beads to one another or to cloth, usually by the use of a needle and thread.
Most beadwork takes the form o jewelry or other personal adornment, but beads are also used in wall hangings and sculpture.
Different types of beads in making jewelry are as follows
• Beads for craft and beadwork,
• semi-precious gemstone beads,
• glass beads,
• swaroyski crystal beads,
• seed beads,
• delica beads,
• Silver beads.
How beads are classified
Beads are categorized by material, then by shape and size. Variety of price points with all beads so that we can find the ones that meet your budget and design criteria.
Beading suppliers for jewelery
Beading supplies include jewelry making tools, bead storage products and beadings books.beading tools are arranged in several categories to make it easy. they are as follows
Pliers and cutters in this we use crimping tool it is designed to crimp spacer or crimp beads. Lower position look. Leaves a smooth, round bead and eliminates sharp edges that can result from using conventional methods.
Next is beading tools it is specially made to make beading tasks a breeze.knooting tool is used in beading tools. If we do a lot of knotting between your pearls, we may want to consider using this tool. It can also help if we are having trouble getting evenly spaced and shaped knots in your jewelry. The tool comes with instructions within the card shown. we don't have to save it only for pearls, though. It can be used with any valuable beads where we want prevent beads scattering if the string breaks. Knotting between beads also prevents beads from rubbing against each other, preserving their appearance.
Next is Needles in needles we use Big eye needle kit this used topass through the holes in the pearls
Stringing materials in Jewelry design shops
The “Stringing materials” or the “threads” which make up the jewelry play a significant part in the outcome of the jewelry. Largely the choice of these materials is influenced by the taste of the customers with due consideration to the strength essential to keep the jewelry in place and, of course, the budget the customers can shell out to purchase the jewelry. Apart from these factors, the stringing materials also vary with the type of jewelry one intends to design. Bracelets, Necklace and earrings all come with stringing materials of their own. Upon these, the size and type of the materials depend upon the style and look one intends to achieve while designing the jewelry,
Thus there are many varieties of stringing materials to cater to the specific needs of the customers. To name a few, we have the bead stringing wire, the illusion cord, the elastic cord, the nylon thread, the silk thread, the leather cord and the memory wire. We will look into the unique properties of some of the common ones among these now.
Bead string wire
A very popular stringing material, the bead string wire is made up of stainless steel cables inside a nylon coating. To achieve a higher degree of flexibility, one has to include more number of strands in the wire. Though it is tarnish-free due to the nylon coating, the bead string wire tends to kink easily due to its stiffness,
Illusion cord
A clear bead stringing cord, it looks like a fishing pole string. It seems as if there is no string between the beads, hence the name “Illusion cord”. It is not as strong and durable as a bead string wire though.
Elastic cord
As the name indicates it is a flexible cord and is among the most commonly used stringing material. Mostly used in informal type of jewelry, the ends of an elastic cord can be knotted or fused together.
Silk thread
A traditionally used stringing material, the silk thread is used to string valuable pearls. Also it comes with the advantage that it can be easily knotted with other kinds of threads.
Thus there are many varieties of stringing materials to cater to the specific needs of the customers. To name a few, we have the bead stringing wire, the illusion cord, the elastic cord, the nylon thread, the silk thread, the leather cord and the memory wire. We will look into the unique properties of some of the common ones among these now.
Bead string wire
A very popular stringing material, the bead string wire is made up of stainless steel cables inside a nylon coating. To achieve a higher degree of flexibility, one has to include more number of strands in the wire. Though it is tarnish-free due to the nylon coating, the bead string wire tends to kink easily due to its stiffness,
Illusion cord
A clear bead stringing cord, it looks like a fishing pole string. It seems as if there is no string between the beads, hence the name “Illusion cord”. It is not as strong and durable as a bead string wire though.
Elastic cord
As the name indicates it is a flexible cord and is among the most commonly used stringing material. Mostly used in informal type of jewelry, the ends of an elastic cord can be knotted or fused together.
Silk thread
A traditionally used stringing material, the silk thread is used to string valuable pearls. Also it comes with the advantage that it can be easily knotted with other kinds of threads.
Jewelry Derign Terlimohials
From our ancient period and till now jewelry plays a major role in our daily & community life. In fact it has become o identification a woman. That especially our Indian women. From the beginning many beautiful stones have been used for this in this especially the crystals, beads, pearls play a major role.
Beads: Beads are a small, decorative object that is pierced in the middle for threading or stringing. It has many types like Animal Beads; carved beads Coral beads, Diamond
Beads, Glass beads, metal beads, shell beads, stone beads etc/.. It most commonly used in all sorts of jewelry, but still as it gives a grand and traditional look to our jewelry. Hence it is most prominently used in bridal collections, our ancient model of jeweler etc/... Now a days Beads r used in making lovely pendants, earrings, rings, necklaces & so many verity of jewelry.
Pearls: The pearl looks like a smooth, lustrous round structure inside the shell of calm or an oyster; which is much valued as a jewel. A Natural pearl contains nearly 100% calcium carbonate and conch Olin. In pearls there are of two types they are Natural pearl and Cultured pearl. In natural pearls they are of two types they are Fresh water pearls, Salt water pearls. It also has many, countless verities namely; Biwa pearls, Blue pearls, Blister pearls, Cream white, Green pearls, Kesishi pearls, Multi-hued pearls, Peacock pearls, Peach pink pearls, Platinum-silver pearls, Purple pearls, Red-cocoa pearls etc/....
PEARL the most prominently used stone by our ancestors. Even now a day we give an unshareable place for pearl in our jewelry.
Crystals: A solid formed by the chemical reaction and having a highly regular atomic structure. It is even used in many components like various electronic devices. They are solid particles, which available in many different shades and shapes. Mostly they are of seven types they are triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, cubic. Many artificial crystals are also cultured. This gives a rich look to our jewelry.
Now a days it is very famous among young, the result of as led to the use of crystals in antic jewelries. This is very familiar now a day.
Beads: Beads are a small, decorative object that is pierced in the middle for threading or stringing. It has many types like Animal Beads; carved beads Coral beads, Diamond
Beads, Glass beads, metal beads, shell beads, stone beads etc/.. It most commonly used in all sorts of jewelry, but still as it gives a grand and traditional look to our jewelry. Hence it is most prominently used in bridal collections, our ancient model of jeweler etc/... Now a days Beads r used in making lovely pendants, earrings, rings, necklaces & so many verity of jewelry.
Pearls: The pearl looks like a smooth, lustrous round structure inside the shell of calm or an oyster; which is much valued as a jewel. A Natural pearl contains nearly 100% calcium carbonate and conch Olin. In pearls there are of two types they are Natural pearl and Cultured pearl. In natural pearls they are of two types they are Fresh water pearls, Salt water pearls. It also has many, countless verities namely; Biwa pearls, Blue pearls, Blister pearls, Cream white, Green pearls, Kesishi pearls, Multi-hued pearls, Peacock pearls, Peach pink pearls, Platinum-silver pearls, Purple pearls, Red-cocoa pearls etc/....
PEARL the most prominently used stone by our ancestors. Even now a day we give an unshareable place for pearl in our jewelry.
Crystals: A solid formed by the chemical reaction and having a highly regular atomic structure. It is even used in many components like various electronic devices. They are solid particles, which available in many different shades and shapes. Mostly they are of seven types they are triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, cubic. Many artificial crystals are also cultured. This gives a rich look to our jewelry.
Now a days it is very famous among young, the result of as led to the use of crystals in antic jewelries. This is very familiar now a day.
From our ancient period and till now jewelry plays a major role in our daily & community life. In fact it has become o identification a woman. That especially our Indian women. From the beginning many beautiful stones have been used for this in this especially the crystals, beads, pearls play a major role.
Beads: Beads are a small, decorative object that is pierced in the middle for threading or stringing. It has many types like Animal Beads; carved beads Coral beads, Diamond
Beads, Glass beads, metal beads, shell beads, stone beads etc/.. It most commonly used in all sorts of jewelry, but still as it gives a grand and traditional look to our jewelry. Hence it is most prominently used in bridal collections, our ancient model of jeweler etc/... Now a days Beads r used in making lovely pendants, earrings, rings, necklaces & so many verity of jewelry.
Pearls: The pearl looks like a smooth, lustrous round structure inside the shell of calm or an oyster; which is much valued as a jewel. A Natural pearl contains nearly 100% calcium carbonate and conch Olin. In pearls there are of two types they are Natural pearl and Cultured pearl. In natural pearls they are of two types they are Fresh water pearls, Salt water pearls. It also has many, countless verities namely; Biwa pearls, Blue pearls, Blister pearls, Cream white, Green pearls, Kesishi pearls, Multi-hued pearls, Peacock pearls, Peach pink pearls, Platinum-silver pearls, Purple pearls, Red-cocoa pearls etc/....
PEARL the most prominently used stone by our ancestors. Even now a day we give an unshareable place for pearl in our jewelry.
Crystals: A solid formed by the chemical reaction and having a highly regular atomic structure. It is even used in many components like various electronic devices. They are solid particles, which available in many different shades and shapes. Mostly they are of seven types they are triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, cubic. Many artificial crystals are also cultured. This gives a rich look to our jewelry.
Now a days it is very famous among young, the result of as led to the use of crystals in antic jewelries. This is very familiar now a day.
Beads: Beads are a small, decorative object that is pierced in the middle for threading or stringing. It has many types like Animal Beads; carved beads Coral beads, Diamond
Beads, Glass beads, metal beads, shell beads, stone beads etc/.. It most commonly used in all sorts of jewelry, but still as it gives a grand and traditional look to our jewelry. Hence it is most prominently used in bridal collections, our ancient model of jeweler etc/... Now a days Beads r used in making lovely pendants, earrings, rings, necklaces & so many verity of jewelry.
Pearls: The pearl looks like a smooth, lustrous round structure inside the shell of calm or an oyster; which is much valued as a jewel. A Natural pearl contains nearly 100% calcium carbonate and conch Olin. In pearls there are of two types they are Natural pearl and Cultured pearl. In natural pearls they are of two types they are Fresh water pearls, Salt water pearls. It also has many, countless verities namely; Biwa pearls, Blue pearls, Blister pearls, Cream white, Green pearls, Kesishi pearls, Multi-hued pearls, Peacock pearls, Peach pink pearls, Platinum-silver pearls, Purple pearls, Red-cocoa pearls etc/....
PEARL the most prominently used stone by our ancestors. Even now a day we give an unshareable place for pearl in our jewelry.
Crystals: A solid formed by the chemical reaction and having a highly regular atomic structure. It is even used in many components like various electronic devices. They are solid particles, which available in many different shades and shapes. Mostly they are of seven types they are triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, cubic. Many artificial crystals are also cultured. This gives a rich look to our jewelry.
Now a days it is very famous among young, the result of as led to the use of crystals in antic jewelries. This is very familiar now a day.
Friday, September 4, 2009
How Will You Call Your Computer If Bot Is Infected In It
A bot is an important thing that a computer uses when on the Internet. A bot is an application that works to run automated activities for maintenance and protection when the user is on the Internet. There are some instances of where bots can be dangerous. So, how can you tell if your computer is bot infected? You can find out when you follow the tips mentioned here.
How can you tell if your computer is bot infected? You can find out by seeing if your Internet activities have been involuntarily restricted. There are various different types of bots that can be dangerous to a computer. Some bots will cause denial of service attacks to take place. This is where the user who is trying to get it to work cannot access a resource that is on a computer. It will be impossible for you to access certain websites on the Internet. This is one of the main ways of how can you tell if you computer is bot infected.
How can you tell if your computer is bot infected? You can tell if there is a good amount of computer viruses that are found on your computer during a virus scan. Even though a typical antivirus program will update itself often and do automatic scanning and protection, there can be instances where new viruses can sneak onto your computer that are not listed in the definitions that your computer program has. Many malicious bots will have these new viruses on them, so you should especially watch out for these when you are online.
One of the best things to do to find out how can you tell if your computer is bot infected is by checking to see how much spam you are getting in your email account. Bots will be especially effective in creating spam that can be sent to infected computers. This can even affect email servers that have strong spam filters. The reason why these filters will be avoided when bots send spam is that in some cases multiple bots on multiple systems can work together to send different pieces of spam. This takes place through a botnet that can build up when one bot infects a computer and it spreads to other computers.
One of the other things that can be used to help you tell if your computer is bot infected is if you live in an area that is near a bot control server. Bots have become a global problem in many countries that have control servers that send bots to other innocent computers. The United States has most of these servers, particularly in the Washington D.C. and Chicago areas. Atlantic Canada, Stockholm and Seoul also have large servers. These are areas that have the highest concern levels.
Are there any products that can help you with understanding about bot infections and that tell you how can you tell if your computer is bot infected? Of course there are. You can check to make sure that your firewall and antivirus programs are fully updated and contain the latest patches. After you update the program, you can run a scan to see if your computer is bot infected.
Prevention is an even more important thing to use though. Having a firewall program is helpful. Protecting personal information that you may be sending online should be used too, as you should only give it to legitimate sites that are trusted. Do not forget to avoid spam emails that may sound like a good deal. This is one of the main ways of how bots can spread onto a computer, and it can indeed be prevented.
How can you tell if your computer is bot infected? You can tell by looking into the viruses and spam that you have in your computer. Making sure your computer is protected can help you to avoid them so that only good bots that help with computer processes will be on your computer.
How can you tell if your computer is bot infected? You can find out by seeing if your Internet activities have been involuntarily restricted. There are various different types of bots that can be dangerous to a computer. Some bots will cause denial of service attacks to take place. This is where the user who is trying to get it to work cannot access a resource that is on a computer. It will be impossible for you to access certain websites on the Internet. This is one of the main ways of how can you tell if you computer is bot infected.
How can you tell if your computer is bot infected? You can tell if there is a good amount of computer viruses that are found on your computer during a virus scan. Even though a typical antivirus program will update itself often and do automatic scanning and protection, there can be instances where new viruses can sneak onto your computer that are not listed in the definitions that your computer program has. Many malicious bots will have these new viruses on them, so you should especially watch out for these when you are online.
One of the best things to do to find out how can you tell if your computer is bot infected is by checking to see how much spam you are getting in your email account. Bots will be especially effective in creating spam that can be sent to infected computers. This can even affect email servers that have strong spam filters. The reason why these filters will be avoided when bots send spam is that in some cases multiple bots on multiple systems can work together to send different pieces of spam. This takes place through a botnet that can build up when one bot infects a computer and it spreads to other computers.
One of the other things that can be used to help you tell if your computer is bot infected is if you live in an area that is near a bot control server. Bots have become a global problem in many countries that have control servers that send bots to other innocent computers. The United States has most of these servers, particularly in the Washington D.C. and Chicago areas. Atlantic Canada, Stockholm and Seoul also have large servers. These are areas that have the highest concern levels.
Are there any products that can help you with understanding about bot infections and that tell you how can you tell if your computer is bot infected? Of course there are. You can check to make sure that your firewall and antivirus programs are fully updated and contain the latest patches. After you update the program, you can run a scan to see if your computer is bot infected.
Prevention is an even more important thing to use though. Having a firewall program is helpful. Protecting personal information that you may be sending online should be used too, as you should only give it to legitimate sites that are trusted. Do not forget to avoid spam emails that may sound like a good deal. This is one of the main ways of how bots can spread onto a computer, and it can indeed be prevented.
How can you tell if your computer is bot infected? You can tell by looking into the viruses and spam that you have in your computer. Making sure your computer is protected can help you to avoid them so that only good bots that help with computer processes will be on your computer.
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